Term
| respiratory system (functions) |
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Definition
| gas exchange, sound waves for speech, regulates body pH (directly tied into carbon dioxide levels in body) |
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Term
| structures of upper respiratory tract |
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Definition
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Term
| structures of lower respiratory tract |
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Definition
| larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostals), ribcage, oral cavity |
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Definition
| where actual gas exchange occurs (alveoli) |
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Term
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Definition
| pathway for air in/out to where gas exchange occurs |
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Definition
| warms, moistens, and filters air / organ of smell |
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Term
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Definition
| tube, 5 inches (adult), base of skull to esophagus (digestive tube), lined with mucous membrane, 3 regions |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior nares to soft palate |
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Term
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Definition
| behind oral cavity, soft palate to hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
| hyoid bone to opening of esophagus |
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Term
| passageways of the pharynx |
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Definition
- posterior nares
- fauces
- larynx
- esophagus
- eustachian tube (auditory tubes) -> between middle ear and throat, equalize pressure on both sides of eardrum / should be a sterile cavity with ossicles, nasopharynx has normal flora, if it gets into middle ear (infection - pus development, leads to loss of hearing) |
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Term
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Definition
- common passageway for digestive/respiration
- phonation -> formation of sounds for words
- warms, moistens, and filters air you breathe in
- tonsils -> pharyngeal (nasopharynx) / palatine and lingual (oropharynx) |
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Term
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Definition
- voicebox; root of tongue and trachea
- 3rd cervical vertebrae to 6th cervical vertebrae
- thyroid gland located on its external anterior surface
- triangular appearance; 9 pieces of cartilage -> held together by ligaments & CT; lined with mucous membrane
- mucous membrane forms 2 pairs of folds that point upwards |
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Term
| upper pair of mucous membrane folds |
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Definition
| vestibular "false" vocal cords, no role in speech |
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Term
| lower pair of mucous membrane folds |
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Definition
| true vocal cords, force air between, they vibrate -> produce sound waves we use for speech |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the true vocal cords where air is forced through |
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Term
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Definition
| true vocal cords plus rima glottis |
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Term
| arytenoid cartilage (paired) |
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Definition
| riangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior superior border of the cricoid cartilage; form synovial joints with the cricoid cartilage and have a wide range of mobility |
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Term
| cuneiform cartilage (paired) |
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Definition
| club-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages, support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis |
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Term
| corniculate cartilage (paired) |
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Definition
| horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage, located at apex of each arytenoid cartilage |
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Term
| thyroid cartilage (single) |
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Definition
| consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape; it is present in both males and females but it is usually larger in males due to the influence of male sex hormones on its growth during puberty; the ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone is called the thyrohyoid membrane. |
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Term
| cricoid cartilage (single) |
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Definition
| ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx; attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea by the cricotrachael ligament. the cricoid cartilage is a landmark for making an emergency airway called a tracheotomy |
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Term
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Definition
| large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium; “stem” of epiglottis is the tapered inferior portion that is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone; superior “leaf” portion is unattached and free to move up and down like a trap door |
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Term
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Definition
- swallowing & vocalization
- intrinsic & extrinsic => open and close glottis, control tension in vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
- produces sound waves for speech
- warms, moistens, filters air
- passageway for air |
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Term
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Definition
| tube, 5 in. length, extends between larynx and primary bronchi with a flattened posterior aspect which lies on anterior surface of the esophagus |
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Term
| wall of trachea (4 layers) |
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Definition
1) mucous membrane layer => pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
2) submucous membrane
3) 20 horseshoe shaped hyaline cartilage, opening faces posteriorly, function is to keep trachea from collapsing
4) covering of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
- 5th thoracic vertebrae => trachea splits into primary bronchi (left and right)
- tubes that enter the lungs, wall similar to trachea except hyaline cartilage rings eventually disappear by time bronchi enter the lungs
- divide successively into an upside down tree
- simple passageway for air down to alveoli |
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Term
| secondary (lobar) bronchi |
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Definition
| divisions of the primary bronchi which form smaller bronchi; one for each lobe of the lung = the right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two |
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Term
| tertiary (segmental) bronchi |
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Definition
| branches of smaller bronchi from the secondary bronchi that divide into bronchioles; 10 tertiary bronchi in each lung. segment of lung tissue that each tertiary bronchus supplies is called a bronchopulmonary segment. each bronchopulmonary segment has many small compartments called lobules; each lobule is wrapped in elastic connective tissue and contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole |
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Term
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Definition
| bronchioles branch repeatedly and the smallest ones branch into even smaller tubes (respiratory bronchioles) |
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Term
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Definition
| subdivisions of respiratory bronchioles; lead to functional unit of the lungs (alveoli) |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth muscle in wall of bronchiole tubes; increases in amount as you move down the bronchial tree |
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Term
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Definition
- cone-shaped structures, base adjacent to diaphragm, apex is the upper margin
- completely fill pleural cavity
- medial surface is slightly concave, indentation in left lung => cardiac notch
- both lungs have hilum (primary bronchi, pulm. arteries & veins)
- divided by fissures into lobes (right has 2 => horizontal & oblique [3 lobes] left has 1 => oblique [2 lobes]) |
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Term
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Definition
- functional unit of lung => gas exchange between lungs & blood
- cup-shaped, look exactly like hollow grapes
- walls are simple squamous epithelium supported by elastic fibers
- increase surface area for gas exchange between lungs and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more alveoli that share a common opening |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of 2 types of alveolar epithelial cells (type I & type II [septal]) |
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Term
| type I alveolar epithelial cells |
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium; forms a continuous covering for wall, site of gas exchange |
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Term
| type II (septal) alveolar epithelial cells |
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Definition
scattered in wall of alveoli, secrete alveolar fluid (keeps inside wall moist) => fluid contains surfactant which reduces surface tension & prevents collapsed alveoli
- function: secrete alveolar fluid |
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Term
| other types of cells in alveoli |
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Definition
| macrophages & fibroblasts (make elastic/reticular fibers in wall of alveoli) |
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Term
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Definition
- diffusion membrane with 4 components
1) simple squamous epithelium of alveolar wall
2) basement membrane of alveolar wall
3) basement membrane of capillary wall
4) endothelium of capillary wall |
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Term
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Definition
CO2 rich blood from pulmonary arteries => lungs => O2 rich blood => pulmonary veins => left atrium
IMPORTANT SITUATION: in hypoxic tissue (vasodilation)
* IN LUNGS: hypoxia causes vasoconstriction => diverts blood away from hypoxic region to an area with higher oxygen content (ex: pneumonia) |
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Term
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Definition
air pressure exerted on your body by the air around you
- @ sea level => 760 mmHg
- above sea level => below 760 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
| air pressure in alveoli, rises and falls during inhalation and exhalation cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| air pressure on pleural cavity, outside of lungs = VERY LOW |
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Term
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Definition
| inverse relationship between volume and pressure (as volume goes up, pressure goes down and vice versa) |
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Term
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Definition
each gas in a mix of gases exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present (atmospheric gases)
- all atmospheric gases exert a partial pressure in total atmospheric pressure
* O2 = 21%
* CO2 = 0.04%
* N2 = 80%
- diffuse from high partial pressure to low partial pressure |
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Term
| formula for partial pressure of gas at a certain atmospheric pressure |
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Definition
p(gas) = % gas in atmosphere x atmospheric pressure
ex: pO2 => (.21)(760mmHg) = 160mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
quantity of gas that will dissolve in liquid is proportional to the pressure of gas over liquid and solubility coefficient of the gas
- in plain english: how soluble is the gas in the liquid?
- high solubility content / higher percentage of gas dissolved in liquid
- carbon dioxide is the most soluble of atmospheric gases |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (increased temp/increased volume) |
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Term
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Definition
inspiration & expiration
- process by which gases are exchanged between atmosphere and alveoli
- air flows due to pressure changes in lugs => created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles (intercostals/diaphragm) |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange between lungs and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange between blood and tissue cells |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose catabolism, uses O2 as final electron acceptor, ATP |
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Term
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Definition
- active process because it requires contraction of resp. muscles
- when diaphragm contracts => dome goes down, cavity elongates / intercostals swing ribcage up and out
- surface tension of serous fluid pulls pleural layers => lungs expand in volume => air pressure decreases => air goes into lungs until air pressure in lungs equalizes with air pressure around you |
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Term
| expiration (quiet breathing) |
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Definition
| - passive process => respiratory muscles relax; breathe out until pressure equalizes |
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Term
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Definition
active process; requires contraction of abdominal muscles
- the volume that can be exhaled from a full inhalation by exhaling as forcefully and rapidly as possible for a timed period |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of gas remaining in the lung at the end of forced expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| (inside wall of alveoli) creates a recoil, contributes to pushing air out |
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Term
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Definition
amount of energy needed to expand the lungs and thoracic wall; ease with which the lungs expand (can be high or low)
* related to 2 factors => surface tension and elasticity of lungs/chest wall |
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Term
| factors that reduce compliance |
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Definition
- reduction of surfactant
- prevention of expansion of intercostal muscles
- any condition that reduces elasticity of lungs => cancer, emphysema, etc.
- conditions that cause lungs to fill with fluid |
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Term
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Definition
- as air flows through respiratory tree => resistance (most created in bronchioles)
- smooth muscle fibers stimulated by SNS fibers, sympathetic stimulation relaxes fibers => bronchiole lumen expands
- increased a.r. => inspiration
- decreased a.r. => expiration
- "fight or flight" => decreases a.r. |
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Term
| transport mechanisms for oxygen |
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Definition
- oxygen dissolved in plasma (pO2) => 1.5% of the O2 you transport
- oxyhemoglobin (HgbO2) => 98.5% of the O2 you transport |
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Term
| transport mechanisms for carbon dioxide |
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Definition
- carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma (pCO2) => 7%
- carbaminohemoglobin (HgbCO2) => 23%
- HCO3- (bicarbonate) => 70% |
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Term
| factors that cause hemoglobin to release its oxygen |
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Definition
- internal respiration
- decrease in pO2 / increase in CO2
- increase in hydrogen ions (lowered pH)
- local temp. increases (increased metabolic activity / increased temperature) |
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Term
| factors that affect external respiration |
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Definition
- p.p. difference between alveoli and blood (increase altitude, decrease p.p. gas)
- surface area for gas exchange (decrease surface area, decrease gas exchange)
- diffusion distance (increase distance, decrease gas exchange)
- surface area for gas exchange |
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Term
| inflation reflex (Hering-Breuer reflex) |
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Definition
- does not regulate rate of respiration => "protective mechanism" of overinflation of respiratory tract
* receptors (baroreceptors) detect stretch, located in walls of bronchi/bronchioles; send an inhibitory message via vagus nerve to inspiratory and apneustic center |
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Term
| other factors that influence respiration |
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Definition
- limbic system => part of brain that deals with anxiety, sends excitatory messages to inspiratory center (increase resp.)
- body temperature (increase rate of respiration with increase in temperature)
- chronic pain => increase respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| pO2 in arterial blood is significantly reduced, "suffocation" |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate amounts of hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate blood delivery to tissue cells; ex: heart attack |
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Term
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Definition
| adequate oxygen delivery to tissue but tissue lacks enzyme to utilize oxygen |
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Term
| some affects of aging on respiratory system |
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Definition
- loss of elasticity in wall of lungs and thoracic wall - cannot inhale as deeply (@ 70 - decreased 35% lung capacity)
- cilia and macrophages become less active, more likely for microbes to affect lungs and respiratory tracts |
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Term
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Definition
- colorless, odorless, tasteless gas produced by incomplete combustion of organic fuels
- competes with oxygen for binding site on hemoglobin (heme); better @ binding (200x the binding capability of oxygen) |
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Term
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Definition
- lost significant surface area for gas exchange, cannot take in enough O2 and cannot blow off enough CO2
- pCO2 increased and pO2 decreased in arterial blood
- concentration of hydrogen ions goes up
- reduced activity
- chemoreceptors for carbon dioxide do not work; the ones for oxygen run the show and oxygen therapy is used to treat |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon dioxide binded with hemoglobin; bluish tint to skin, fingernails, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
- Hgb + O2 =====> HgbO2 (loading)
- HgbO2 =====> Hgb + O2 (unloading) |
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Term
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Definition
- located in the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber
- binds oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers from interstitial fluid
- releases oxygen when needed by mitochondria for ATP production (muscle contraction) |
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Term
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Definition
- made primarily by the liver and muscles
- forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose in muscle cells
- muscle cells lack the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which is required to pass glucose into the blood, so the glycogen they store is destined for internal use and is not shared with other cells |
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Term
| bony components of the nose/nasal cavity |
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Definition
- vomer (perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, maxillae, and palatine bones)
- superior part of nasal cavity is surrounded by bone
- the lateral walls of the internal nose are formed by the ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones; the ethmoid bone also forms the roof
- the palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae (both = hard palate) form the floor of the internal nose |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone but are separate and NOT part of the ethmoid bone; shaped like scrolls; form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity and project into the nasal cavity; all three pairs of nasal conchae (sup., mid., & inf.) increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and help swirl and filter air before it passes into the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| near the olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate where the sensory receptors for olfaction terminate in the mucus membrane of the superior nasal conchae; increase the surface area for the sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
| all conchae greatly increase the vascular and mucous membrane surface area in the nasal cavity which warms and moistens inhaled air before it passes into the lungs. the conchae also cause inhaled air to swirl, and the result is many inhaled particles become trapped in the mucus that lines the nasal cavity; helps cleanse inhaled air before it passes into the rest of the respiratory passageways |
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Term
| meatus of the nasal cavity |
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Definition
- the conchae subdivide each side of the nasal cavity into a series of groovelike passageways = superior, middle, and inferior meatuses
- mucous membrane lines the cavity and its shelves; the arrangement of conchae and meatuses increases surface area in the internal nose and prevents dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation. |
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Term
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Definition
- cavities in certain cranial and facial bones lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity
- skull bones containing the paranasal sinuses: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae
- aside from producing mucus, paranasal sinuses serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing |
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Term
| bony components of the hard palate |
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Definition
- palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae form the hard palate
- usually palatine processes of the maxillary bones unite during weeks 10 to 12 of embryonic development; failure to do so can result in cleft palate or cleft lip and they often occur together |
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Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| - single layer of flat cells; centrally located nucleus |
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Term
| location of simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| lines heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, air sacs of lungs, glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule of kidneys, and inner surface of the tympanic membrane (eardrum), forms epithelial layer of serous membranes (mesothelium), such as the peritoneum, pericardium, and the pleura |
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Term
| function of simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance in red blood cells consisting of the protein globin and the iron-containing red pigment heme that transports most of the oxygen and some carbon dioxide in blood |
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Term
| CO2 + H2O ==> H2CO3 ==> Hydrogen ion + HCO3- |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide + water turns into carbonic acid which then disassociates into a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate |
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Term
| respiratory centers in the brain |
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Definition
| composed of neurons in the medullary rhythmicity area (expiratory / inspiratory) in the medulla oblongata plus the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas in the pons |
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Term
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Definition
| the anatomical region on the thoracic cavity between the pleurae of the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| central compartment of the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| structures that lie within the mediastinum |
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Definition
| heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest |
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Term
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Definition
| each lung is enclosed & protected by a double layered serous membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| superficial layer of pleural membrane that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| deep layer of pleural membrane, covers the lungs themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| small space between the two layers which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes; this pleural fluid reduces friction betwen the membranes, allowing them to slide easily over one another during breathing and creates surface tension |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of gas that can be taken into the lungs in a full inhalation, starting from the resting inspiratory position; equal to the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume |
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| the maximal amount of gas that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory position |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| the maximal amount of gas that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory level |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs from a position of full inspiration, with no limit to duration of inspiration; equal to inspiratory capacity plus expiratory reserve volume |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of gas contained in the lung at the end of a maximal inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| air that is inhaled by the body in breathing, but does not take part in gas exchange |
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