Term
| outgrowth of the GI tract |
|
Definition
| what does the respiratory tract originate as embryologically? |
|
|
Term
| air conduction, filtration, gas exchange |
|
Definition
| primary functions of the respiratory system |
|
|
Term
olfaction in nasal cavity
& phonation from larynx |
|
Definition
| secondary functions of the respiratory tract |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| another name for the voicebox |
|
|
Term
| vocalization (speech) - a secondary function of the resp. system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiration is divided into mechanical respiration and _____ respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| respiration associated with lungs, function sin gas exchange (O2 and CO2) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| O2 is carried to tissues to do this type of respiration where oxidative metabolism creates ATP, energy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| thin dome shaped muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity in MAMMALS |
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Term
|
Definition
| with ___ intercostal muscles contract |
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|
Term
| diaphragm contracts too, and ribs raise, creating a negative pressure due to an increase in volume |
|
Definition
| when the intercostal muscles contract, what also contracts, do the ribs raise or lower, and does this create a negative pressure or positive? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| with ____ intercostal muscles relax |
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Term
|
Definition
| during expiration the diaphragm relaxes, decreasing intrathoracic volume by lowering the ribs, does this increase or drecrease intrathoracic pressure? |
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|
Term
| simple squamous mesothelium |
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Definition
| pelural cavities are line with what type of "-thelium" |
|
|
Term
| thin layer of CT with elastic fibers |
|
Definition
| what is underneath the mesothelium of the pleural cavities? |
|
|
Term
| lubricant that decreases friction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pleural space normally contains a partial vacuum, creating a ______ intrathoracic pressure assisting with inspiration |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| what happens if the pleural space is breached? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| increased intrathoracic pressure, difficulty breathing, and collapsed lung |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| loose CT layer separating left and right hemithoraces |
|
|
Term
| the medistinumdivides the two lungs |
|
Definition
| why do pneumothroax remain unilateral? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is another name for the nostrils? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the external nares open up to this structure which contains hairs that help filter and trap particulate matter (sometimes called sinus hairs, incorrectly called vibrissae) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
sinus hairs, meaning the hair follicle is surrounded by a blood-filled sinus
-large sensory hairs (whiskers) on dogs, cats, and rodents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does air go from the vestibule? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin scroll shaped bones in the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
moist, pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar EPIthelium covered with mucus
also brush cells |
|
Definition
| what type of "-thelia" lines the nasal cavity? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of neurons are olfactory receptors? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are olfactory receptors found? |
|
|
Term
generalized sensory cells of olfactory and respiratory epithelia
-columnar cells with apical microvilli, found in nasal cavity |
|
Definition
| what are brush cells, and where are they found? |
|
|
Term
| paranasal sinuses & nasopharynx |
|
Definition
| where does air go from the nasal cavity? |
|
|
Term
| paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx |
|
Definition
| what structures filter, humidify, and warm inspired air? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects to middle ear via eustachian tubes allowing equilibration of pressure |
|
|
Term
| respiratory epithelium--pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia with mucus secreting goblet cells |
|
Definition
| what "-thelia" lines the entire upper respiratory tract? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of CT supports the respiratory epithelia? |
|
|
Term
| sero-mucus - secrete mixed mucus and watery products made in different ascini |
|
Definition
| what special type of glands are found in the upper respiratory tract? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does the lower respiratory tract begin? |
|
|
Term
| where upper and lower resp. tracts meet (larynx) |
|
Definition
| where does the digestive tract intersect with the respiratory tract? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is the opening of the esophagus in relationship to the trachea? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this protects the trachea during swallowing by covering the opening of the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what happens if food enters the trachea? |
|
|
Term
| Heimlich maneuver or emergency tracheotomy (cut hole in jugular/suprasternal notch in the midline, then shove a straw in basically) |
|
Definition
| to treat choking, what should you do? |
|
|
Term
| thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic |
|
Definition
| list the 3 single cartilages of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform |
|
Definition
| list the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what types of cartilage form the cartilage structures of the larynx? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this houses both the true and false vocal chords |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dorsal opening of the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located below the glottis and covered by the epiglottis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are the false vocal chords located in relationship to the true vocal chords? |
|
|
Term
| phonation and protection of the lower respiratory tract from entry of foreign bodies |
|
Definition
| what are the functions of the vocal chords? |
|
|
Term
false: respiratory epithelium
true + epi: stratified squamous, nonkeritanized epithelium |
|
Definition
| what type of "-thelia" covers the false vocal chords? the epiglottis & true vocal chords? |
|
|
Term
| 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches |
|
Definition
| what embryological structures do the larynx and epiglottis develop from? |
|
|
Term
branches of the vagus nerve
portion from the 4th arch = superior laryngeal nerve
portion from 6th arch = recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
Definition
| what innervates the larynx? |
|
|
Term
| trachea, lined with resp. epithelium and goblet cells |
|
Definition
| what respiratory tract structure lies inferior to the larynx, and what is it lined with? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of cartilage forms C-shaped rings with the gap facing caudally for swallowing? |
|
|
Term
| CT membrane, smooth muscle, trachealis muscle |
|
Definition
| what 3 things are contained in the caudal opening of the trachea? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some fish swallow air and absorb it in the capillaries of the gut, what organs were in the siamese fighting fish (Betta fish)? |
|
|
Term
holes in the abdomen that link to a tracheal system that gets smaller until terminating at the extracellular area near target cells
this relies on difusion limiting the size of bugs |
|
Definition
| what do insects have instead of lungs? what does this have to do with their size? |
|
|
Term
| need O2 for oxidative metabolism |
|
Definition
| why do we have to breathe? |
|
|
Term
| protect soft squishy lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what meat is used to make fajitas traditionally? |
|
|
Term
| their elastic recoil sucks because the elastic fibers have broken down over time |
|
Definition
| why do old people have to forcefully exhale and make a bunch of noise when breathing? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if there is a positive pressure in the chest, what happens? |
|
|
Term
| lighten the skull, especially in horses |
|
Definition
| function of the sinuses that doesn't have to do with breathing |
|
|
Term
| it increases abdominal pressure and secondarily increases thoracic pressure forcing lung, and hopefully the steak/ham sandwich out |
|
Definition
| how does the Heimlich maneuver fix you if you are eating a ham sandwich and talking to your friend and not paying attention? (or chewing steak that was poorly prepared and not very tender) |
|
|
Term
Midline, and the intersegmental membrane between cartilage
the thyroid is here and some vessels you don't want to nick, but it will likely be bloody |
|
Definition
| where should you aim with an emergency trachiotomy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what structure increases in size in males during puberty that is helpful to identify in a bar? |
|
|
Term
| they bang together and undergo abrasive forces, the false vocal chords do not have as much abrasion occuring |
|
Definition
| why do the true vocal chords and epiglottis have thicker epithelium? |
|
|
Term
| collapsing trachea (non-cartilage side collapses and sticks), the little dog could suffocate to death, this can happen to people too |
|
Definition
| what happens to yippie dogs that have been bread a lot, or some people due to the C shaped trachea cartilage becoming U shaped? |
|
|
Term
| primary bronchi or mainstem bronchi that branch off the trachea |
|
Definition
| which air vessels are extrapulmonary? |
|
|
Term
| secondary (lobar) bronchi and tertiary (segmental) bronchi |
|
Definition
| what air vessels are known as intrapulmonary? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be identified by presence of supporting cartilage rings or plates and accompanying layer of smooth muscle (+/- seromucus glands) |
|
|
Term
larynx, trachea, bronchi
-prevents collapse during inspiration |
|
Definition
| where is cartilage found in the respiratory tract? what is its function? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does cartilage stop in the lungs? |
|
|
Term
| respiratory epithelium with goblet cells |
|
Definition
| what "-thelium" lines bronchi? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air in the ______ respiratory tract is not used for gas exchange, called anatomical dead space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| average volumne of anatomical dead space |
|
|
Term
bronchi: cartilage, goblet cells & glands
bronchiole(everything beyond segmental 3' bronchi): lacks cartilage, lacks seromucus glands |
|
Definition
| how are bronchi and bronchiole distinguished? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what supports bronchioles to prevent their collapse? |
|
|
Term
Trachea
Mainstem bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli |
|
Definition
| describe the names of bronchi/bronchioles from big to small starting with trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epithelia thins, decrease in the other two |
|
Definition
| as bronchioles get smaller, what happens to epithelium, goblet cells and submucosal sero-mucus glands? |
|
|
Term
| tall, pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| "-thelia of terminal bronchioles" |
|
|
Term
| simple, cuboidal to columnar, ciliated and non ciliated epithelium with ocassional alveoli |
|
Definition
| "-thelia" of respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| contain numerous alveoli lined with simple, squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| "-thelia" of alveolar ducts |
|
|
Term
| Clara cells -non-ciliated, dome shaped, cuboidal cells |
|
Definition
| what replaces goblet cells in terminal and respiratory bronchioles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clara cells have secretory granules that metamorphose into ____ the primary component of surfactant within airways |
|
|
Term
1)prevents airways from sticking together
2)decreases O2 tension to facilitate gas exchange
3) keeps cells moist for gas exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| makes component of surfactant, also function as reserve cells capable of differentiating into other respiratory cells following damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| historical remnants of evolutionary origins from gut, part of the diffuse enteroendocrine system that secrets GI hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generalized sensory cells that are columnar with apical microvilli |
|
|
Term
mucosal/Bronchiolar associated lymphoid tissue
found in lamina propria layer of subepithelial CT |
|
Definition
| MALT/BALT strands for what? where is it found? |
|
|
Term
| secretes IgA onto the mucosal surface to provide protection from micro-organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what layer, deep to the mucosa is especially prominant in small airways of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts |
|
|
Term
| muscularis mucosae in small airways |
|
Definition
controls luminal diameter of airways and resistance to airflow
-regulates alveiolar air movement, takes over support function of cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does gas exchange begin? |
|
|
Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| "-thelia" that lines alveolar ducts and alveoli |
|
|
Term
| the capillaries supplied by pulmonary arteries |
|
Definition
| what blood vessel supplies the capillaries around alveoli? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of pneumocyte composes the simple squamous epithelia on most of the tennis court alveolar surface? |
|
|
Term
| flattened for gas exchange |
|
Definition
| what are type 1 pneumocytes specialized for? |
|
|
Term
| 2 cells: type 1 pneumocytes of alveoli & endothelial cell ining the capillaries with a shared, fused, basement membrane |
|
Definition
| what makes the air-blood barrier? |
|
|
Term
| alveolar septa, allow communicating spaces between alveoli |
|
Definition
| where are alveolar pores(pores of Kohn) found? what do they do? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is bigger Type 1 or 2 pneumocyte? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger, round, domed chaped cells covering 5% of surface area of lung |
|
|
Term
| they posess lamellar bodies (intercytoplasmic granules) containing phospholipid secreted as surfactant |
|
Definition
| what are type 2 pneumocytes specialized for? |
|
|
Term
their lungs dry out and type 1 pneumocytes die and obstruct the airway because they cannot make surfactant
(why babies hang out in incubators in the NICU) |
|
Definition
| what is the problem in respiratory distress syndrome in infants? |
|
|
Term
| fixed tissue macrophages that phagocytose particulate matter and microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 50 million/day, mucocilliary ladder |
|
Definition
| how many and how are alveolar macrophages eliminated from the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cilia in the respiratory epithelium of trachea and bronchi beat synchronously in ______ _____ |
|
|
Term
1cm/min
this is what makes you swallow periodically |
|
Definition
| how fast does the surface mucus layer move due to ciliary action? |
|
|
Term
| indirect in the interstitium of alveolar septa |
|
Definition
| where is the lymphatic drainage of alveoli? |
|
|
Term
| secndary system of lymphatics in the viscerla pleura |
|
Definition
| how does the pleural space drain fluid? |
|
|
Term
1) pleural effusion
2)pulmonary edema
(both common with pneumonia) |
|
Definition
| what is caused by lymphatic obstruction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid buildup in the pleural space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid buildup in the alveoli of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| a horizontal line at the top of the fluid level |
|
Definition
| how can you identify a pleural effusion on an x-ray? |
|
|
Term
| increase opacity/interstitial pattern usually worse in the bottom half that can affect 1 or more lobes |
|
Definition
| how can you identify pulmonary edema in an x ray? |
|
|
Term
| infections associated with pneumonia that cause decreased viscosity of production of pleural fluid -> friction and adhesions between pleural layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are connective tisue tags that anchor the lung to the thoracic wall |
|
Definition
| what happens when pleurisy heals? |
|
|
Term
sneeze reflex
cough reflex |
|
Definition
| what does irritation to the upper airways(nasal passages) trigger? the lower(trachea and bronchi)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how fast can air go when coughed or sneezed out? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease originally seen in coal miners from inhaling coal dust, now common in urban environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in silicosis, asbestosis, and anthracosis, there are sharp crystals difficult to phagocytose -> fibrosis due to accumulation of ______ in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| it stimulates fibroblasts proliferation and collagen production |
|
Definition
| what does silicic acid promote in the lungs? |
|
|
Term
increased mucus production -> smokers hack
cilia lose synchronicity then die, eventually metaplasia occurs |
|
Definition
| what does smoking do to mucus production? cilia? |
|
|
Term
stratified squamous epithelia
it is more resistant to physical stress
physical trauma [chronic coughing] chemical/thermal insult[smoke] can cause this
metaplasia |
|
Definition
| what is the normal respiratory epithelia of the upper respiratory tract replaced with in chronic smokers? why? what is this process called? |
|
|
Term
| metaplasia, in smoking this is enhanced because cigarettes contain carcinogens |
|
Definition
| replacement of one tissue type by another, can be the first step in neoplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary cause of lung cancer and emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by permanant enlargement of alveoli leading to bulla formation |
|
|
Term
| chronic obstruction of air flow leads to destruction of alveolar septa and decreased surface area for gas exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| usually initiated by chronic inhalation of particulate matter (smoke, dust) leading to mucus accumulation and destruction of alveolar wall due to release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages |
|
Definition
| what obstructs the airways in emphysema? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by chronic airway obstruction, inflammation, or irritation and increased respinsiveness leading to exaggerated bronchoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| formation of antigen-antibody complexes on cell membranes that require phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mast cells and eosinophils |
|
Definition
| presents in large numbers in submucosa in asthmatics, can be present with other inflammatory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irritation causes mast cells to release ______ and ____ leading to smooth muscle contraction of bronchioles and vasodilation leading to an acute asthma attack |
|
|
Term
| eosinophils -eosinophil derrived inhibitor |
|
Definition
| counteracts the effects of histamine with histaminase and ______ that inhibits mast cell degranulation. |
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