Term
Place these in the order that air passes through them: Larynx, Nasal Cavities, Terminal Bronchioles, Alveolar Sacs, Nasopharynx, Alveoli, bronchioles, trachea, oropharynx, bronchi, respiratoy bronchioles, alveolar ducts |
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Definition
| nasal cavities, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, brinchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli |
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Term
| Where does the respiratory portion of the system begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three parts of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
| Vestibule, Respiratory Segment, Olfactory Segment |
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Term
| what are the bony shelves projecting from the vestibule of the nasal cavity? What is their function? |
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Definition
nasal conchae (aka turbinates) They create turbulence, which circulates the air to warm, moisten and clean it |
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Term
| What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium? |
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Definition
| ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
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Term
| What are the 5 cell types of respiratory epithelium? |
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Definition
1) Ciliated Columnar 2) Mucous Goblet Cells 3) Brush Cells 4) Basal Cells (stem cells) 5) Small Granule Cells |
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Term
| What structures are located at the apical side of the brush cells? |
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Definition
Microvilli
(actin-based projections. Unlike the Ciliated columnar cells, which contain microtubule-based cilia) |
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Term
What is the job of the basal cells in respiratory epithelium? |
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Definition
| To differentiate into the other 4 cell types |
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Term
| What do Small Granule Cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of bombesin and serotonin? |
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Definition
| to control the functioning of other respiratory cells |
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Term
| What is the benefit to the many capillaries found in the conducting portion of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| Release heat, thereby warming the air |
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Term
| What is Kartagener's Syndrome? |
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Definition
also known as 'immotil cilia syndrome', it is an inherited condition in which cilia fail to function normally due to a lack of dynein. Airways are improperly cleared and the individual is more susceptible to bacterial infection. |
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Term
| What cell types are found in Olfactory Epithelium? |
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Definition
1) Olfactory Receptor Cells (neurons) 2) Supporting (sustentacular) cells 3) Basal Cells (stem cells) |
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Term
| What type of epithelium is Olfactory Epithelium |
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Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
Are most odorants organic or inorganic compounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to olfactory neurons after 1 month? |
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Definition
| They are degraded and replaced by newly differentiated basal cells |
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Term
What type of neuron is an olfactory neuron?
1) Pseudounipolar
2) Bipolar
3) Multipolar |
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Definition
Bipolar
(special senses contain bipolar neurons) |
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Term
| Why is the nose a particularly susceptible place on the human body? |
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Definition
| It is the only region where neurons have direct contact with the outside environment. These olfactory neurons provide a passageway/tract from the outside environment directly to the brain. |
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Term
| What are Bowman's Glands? Where are they located? |
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Definition
| Serous-secreting glands located beneath the olfactory epithelium |
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Term
| How does the nose prepare itself to receive a new smell? |
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Definition
| Bowman's glands secrete a serous fluid, which washes away previous odorant and readies the olfactory neurons to receive a new stimulant. |
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Term
| How many different olfactory receptor types can an olfactory neuron produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do olfactory receptors operate? |
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Definition
| They bind a ligand, which stimulates them to act on ion channels. These ion channels open, depolarizing the cell and inducing an action potential. |
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Term
| What are Mitral cells? Whare are they located? |
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Definition
| Mitral Cells are neurons located in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. They synapse with olfactory neurons and project their axons into the olfactory tract and ultimately to the olfactory cortex |
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Term
| What causes the pharynx to be so susceptible during an allergic reaction? |
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Definition
Its high content of mast cells release histamine, causing vasodilation and increased blood flow. This can result in edema, which swells the pharynx and occludes the airway. in severe cases, this can be life-threatening |
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Term
What type of epithelium lines:
1) nasopharynx
2)orophanynx
3)laryngeal pharynx |
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Definition
1) respiratory epithelium 2) Stratified Squamous 3) Stratified Squamous |
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Term
| What type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What separates the false and true vocal folds? |
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Definition
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Term
| False vocal cords are movable or immovable? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is vocal cord adduction or abduction responsible for phonation? |
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Definition
adduction. vocal cords are pulled toward each other by the vocalis muscle, which attaches to the vocal ligament. |
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Term
| What epithelium is found in true vocal cords? |
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Definition
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Term
| what epithelium is found in the false vocal cords? |
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Definition
Respiratory Epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar w/ goblet cells) |
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Term
| If you find stratified squamous cells in the respiratory epithelium, this is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the C-shaped rings in the trachea made from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of the trachea? |
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Definition
Mucosa
Submucosa Adventitia |
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Term
| What immune cells are found in the lamina propria of the thracheal mucosa. |
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Definition
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Term
| In what tracheal layer are the c-rings found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the glands, goblet cells, and height of epithelial cells as you preogress down the airways? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to smooth muscle and elastic tissue as you progress down the airways? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bronchi is something more likely to become lodged in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What distinguishes bronchi from bronchioles? |
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Definition
| Bronchioles do not have cartilage associated with them |
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Term
| What treatments are used for asthma? |
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Definition
Steroids and B2-agonists (relax bronchial smooth muscle) |
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Term
| Where are Clara Cells found? |
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Definition
| Epithelium of terminal bronchioles |
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Term
| What is the function of Clara Cells? |
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Definition
secrete GAGs, which lubricates the lumen of terminal bronchioles, preventing adhesion of pollutants. Contain smooth ER and produce cytochrome P450 to metabolize airborn toxins |
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Term
| What structural difference can be observed to distinguish respiratory bronchioles from terminal bronchioles? |
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Definition
| Breaks in the wall are visible in respiratory bronchioles. These lead into alveolar outpocketings. |
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Term
What structural feature can be seen in alveolar ducts, but not alveolar sacs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are lamellar bodies? |
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Definition
| secretory organelles of type II pneumocytes, which contain surfactant |
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Term
| Which alveolar cell secretes surfactant |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the respiratory treatment for a premature baby? |
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Definition
| synthetic surfactant and glucocorticoids |
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Term
| what comprises the blood-air barrier? |
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Definition
1) alveolar epithelial cells 2) basal lamina of alveolar epithelium
3) basal lamina of capillaries 4) endothelial cells of capillaries |
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Term
| what are macrophages in the alvoleolar region known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do alveolar pores of Kohn do? |
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Definition
| equalize pressure between alveoli |
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Term
| Cigarette smoking is the major cause of emphysema. How does this lung disease decrease the O2 absorption in the lungs? |
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Definition
| destruction or impaired synthesis of elastic fibers leads to fewer and larger alveoli with less total surface area. This decreases O2 absorption efficiency. |
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Term
What are 2 examples of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does bronchitis cause breathing difficulties? |
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Definition
| constriction of the bronchiole smooth muscles |
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