Term
| Forms CO2 is carried in blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Forms O2 is carried in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is faster and more soluble at diffusing, O2 or CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| air delivery into alveoli is insufficient to meet the need to provide O2 and remove CO2. This results in hypercapnia and a pCO2>45mmHg. This is a response following pain secondary to abdominal/thoracic surgery. Also occurs secondary to opioid/barbiturate use. Normal response to high altitude. |
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Term
| Acute respiratory failure |
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Definition
| pH <7.3, pO2<60mmHg, pCO2>50mmHg (hypercapnia) |
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Term
| Purpose of Upper respiratory system |
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Definition
| as air is taken through upper airways, it picks up moisture from mucus memb of nose and sinuses. nose and upper airways warms air as it passes across the membrane. airways are designed to conduct air to lower airways and finally to alveoli where gas exchange occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| alveoli allow air to come in indirect contact with bloodstream through the pulmonary capillary system. alveolar membrane which is one-celled thick allows CO2 to diffuse into alveoli from the bloodstream and O2 to diffuse to the bloodstream from the alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a measure of resistance of the lung bing infiltrated. a stiff lung means too little compliance, therefore the lung will be difficult to inflate. |
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Term
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Definition
| lungs match blood flow with ventilation and O2 delivery to the alveoli occurs to optimize O2 delivery to the bloodstream. area of lung tissue with little ventilation will constrict and area of lung tissue with more ventilation will dilate. resulting in efficient gas exchange. |
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Term
| What diffusion problems such as pneumonia and pulmonary edema will cause |
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Definition
| tachypnea (rapid breathing) and hypoxemai (decreased blood O2). This usually occurs before other abnormalities in gas exchange develop. |
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Term
| major risk factor for lung cancer development |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| long hair cells that filter air |
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Definition
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Term
| cells that beat in sweeping motion like oars to move mucus upward. |
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Definition
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Term
| cells lining trachea and bronchi |
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Definition
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Term
| terminal portion of the tracheao bronhial tree that's not located in the larynx |
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Definition
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Term
| marjor cartilage structure that's also called the thyroid cartilage. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| site where a majority of cough receptors lie. this is the point of tracheal division into 2 main branches. |
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Term
| age at which lung is fully developed, and number of alveoli present. |
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Definition
| 8 years old. 300 millions |
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Term
| these cells make up the alveoli and are the site where gas exchange occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| responsible for making surfactant |
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Definition
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Term
| help prevent particles from entering trachea |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anatomic, alveolar, physiologic |
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Term
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Definition
| function residual capacity is the air that remains in the alveoli at the end of expiration. alveoli collapse (atelectasis) occurs when there's a lack of surfactant. during exhalation there is elastic recoil of the lungs and the muscles relax. muscles contract during inspiration. |
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Term
| this will increase as a result of alveoli loss |
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Definition
| lung compliance and emphysema |
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Term
| Activities in zones 1, 2, and 3 |
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Definition
zone 1 - alveolar pressure > capillary pressure, causing minimal blood flow through the apices.
zone 2 - pulmonary arterial pressure > pressure inside alveoli during ventricular systole, with intermittent perfusion.
zone 3 - pulmonary arterial pressure> pulmonary venous pressure, there's continuous perfusion throughout the cardiac cycle. |
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Term
| Lack of erythropoeitin will result in |
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Definition
| anemia of chronic disease and chronic renal failure |
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Term
| Hemoglobin desaturates (releases O2 more readily) in |
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Definition
| decreased pH (acidosis) and increased pCO2 (hypercapnia). |
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Term
| Dissociation curve will shift to the right when |
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Definition
| increased H+, pCO2, Temperature, 2,3 DPG and decreased pH |
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Term
| Dissociation curve will shift to the left when |
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Definition
| decreased H+, pCO2, Temperature, 2,3-DPG and increased pH. |
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Term
| major obstructive airway diseases |
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Definition
| bronchitis, emphysema, asthma |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by airway inflammation, airway obstruction that is reversible, and incrased airway responsiveness to stimuli. extrinsic asthma is child-onset asthma. |
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Term
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Definition
| bronchospasm that occurs after activity or exercise. common in children and adolescents. |
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Term
| occupational-induced asthma |
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Definition
| exposure to allergens and mimics extrinsic asthma. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs after reaction to medication. can be very severe and may require mechanical ventilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| results from bronchospasm precipitated by congestive heart failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| adult onset and develops in middle age with less favorable prognosis. attacks may be severe and are not IgE mediated. |
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Term
| medication required for status asthmaticus |
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Definition
| epinephrine, terbutaline, an aminophylline may be required. IV corticosteroids are most appropriate. beta blockers are contraindicated in asthma because they worsen bronchospasm. |
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Term
| viral causes of acute bronchitis |
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Definition
| influenza A, coxsackie virus, adenovirus. |
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Term
| bacterial causes of acute bronchitis |
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Definition
| staphylococcus pneumoniae |
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Term
| pathogenetic changes associated with acute bronchitis |
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Definition
| inflamed airways, swelling from exudation of fluid, increased mucus production, loss of ciliary function. |
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Term
| most common cause of chronic bronchitis |
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Definition
| smoking causes 90% of chronic bronchitis cases. remaining 10% caused by viral/bacterial infections and chemical irritants. |
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Term
| cellular changes seen with chronic bronchitits |
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Definition
| increased Il-8 and CD8T lymphocytes, increase (30X) in eosinophils, hypertrophy of bronchial glands and goblet cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of bronchial walls from dilation of airway sacs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a symptom of decreased oxygenation which is manigested by bluish or pallor of skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mold that can cause infection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| emphysema (pink puffer) often associated with chronic bronchitis |
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Term
| major classification of emphesyma |
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Definition
| centriacinar, panacinar, paraseptal |
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Term
| α1-antitrypsin deficiency |
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Definition
| characterized by low serum levels of this particular antitrypsin. this enzyme is normally protective and inhibits the proteolytic breakdown of alveolar tissue. This is usually the cause of emphysema in individuals that have never smoked (either first or second hand), and is thus hereditary |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with cystic fibrosis. children are at a higher risk because of anatomic factors such as small, soft, elastic bronchi. cystic fibrosis primarily affects both pancreas and lungs. the mucus-producing glands of both organs hypertrophy and produce excessive secretions that are thick mucoproteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| most common genetic disease in the US, affects primarily Caucasians. affects exocrine glands, is autosomal recessive. |
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Term
| primary cause of airway obstruction in patients with chronic bronchitis |
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Definition
| hypertrophy of mucosal glands and goblet cells leads to increased mucus production, the mucus combines with purulent exudate to form bronchial plugs. |
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Term
| what causes the immune system to respond to the presence of allergens in extrinsic asthma? |
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Definition
| asthma is a reactive airway disease. when the antigen reacts with the antibody on the surface of the mast cell, packets of chemical mediator substances stored in the cell are released. hypertrophy of mucosal glands and goblet cells leads to increased mucus production, the mucus then combines with purulent exudate to form bronchial plugs. |
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Term
| physiologic abnormality characteristic of emphysema |
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Definition
| emphysema leads to a loss of elastic tissue in the lung, which leads to a decrease in the size of the smaller bronchioles. the loss of lung tissue leads to a loss of radial traction which normally holds the airway open and to increasing pressure around the outside of the airway lumen, which in turn increases airway resistance and decreases air flow. |
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Term
| major characteristic of bronchiolitis |
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Definition
| infections agents such as respiratory synctial virus, influenza, and bacteria cause an inflammatory response that results in production of thick, tenacious mucus, which leads to airway obstruction, atelectasis, and hyperinflation. |
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Term
| Haemophilus influenzae type B |
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Definition
| primary organism associated with epiglottis, invades the supraglottic structures (epiglottis and arytenoids), causing inflammation and edema, which leads to obstruction. |
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Term
| what happens fduring acute asthma attack? |
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Definition
| air becomes trapped because of the inflammatory changes that occur. |
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Term
| A restrictive disease that is associated with the formation of an antigen-antibody complex that causes fibrosis of the lung |
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Definition
| hypersensitivity pneumonitis. causative dust acts as an antigen, which combines with serum antibodies in the alveolar walls, leading to type III hypersensitivity reaction. |
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Term
| pulmonary function testing for restrictive diseases will reveal |
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Definition
| limitation of chest expansion, resulting in decreased vital capacity, total lung capacity, and diffusing capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a lung destructive pattern that is manifested by loss of alveolar walls. this is a common radiologic diagnostic manifestation of fibrotic restrictive disease. |
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Term
| pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome |
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Definition
| .– injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane will result in increased alveolar-capillary permeability, impaired diffusion, and decreased lung compliance, and increased interstitial and alveolar edema. |
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Term
| abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural space cause |
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Definition
| dyspnea, cough, pleuritic pain, diminished breath sounds over effusion, and dullness of percussion. |
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Term
| pathogenesis of pneumonia |
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Definition
| microbial agents enter lung, multiply, and trigger pulmonary inflammation. alveolar air spaces fill with exudative fluid, and inflammatory cells invade alveolar septa. alveolar exudates tend to consolidate. |
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Term
| pneumothorax, clinical features |
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Definition
| clinical features include tachycardia, decreased or absent breath sounds on the affected side, hyperresonance, and sudden chest pain on the affected side. |
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Term
| How tubercular bacilli is transmitted |
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Definition
| .– tuberculosis is an airborne disease spread by droplets. |
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