Term
| Functions of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
-oxygenate blood
-remove CO2 from blood
-filter the blood
-facilitate venous return (respiratory pump) |
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Term
| What is the difference between respiration and ventilation? |
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Definition
Respiration: exchange of gases between the atmosphere & cells of the body
Ventilation: movement of air to and from the lungs |
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Term
| What are the general means of gas transport? |
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Definition
1. Ventilation
2. Lung diffusion
3. Circulation
4. Tissue Diffusion
5. Internal respiration (cellular metabolism) |
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Term
| Where does gas exchange occur? (What is the respiratory zone) |
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Definition
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Term
| What components are part of the airways involved in ventilation? |
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Definition
nasal/oral cavities
pharynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles |
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Term
| What are the main functions of the airways? |
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Definition
delivering gas to the respiratory zone
conditioning the inhaled air
(warming, humidifying, filtering) |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the nasal/oral cavities |
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Definition
-mucus inner membrane to warm & moisten air
-nostrils often have hair to filter
-epithelium contains cilia & mucus cells to trap foreign objects |
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Term
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Definition
| connection between the oral cavity and the larynx |
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Term
| Where are the vocal chords found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure connects the pharynx and trachea? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structure of the trachea? |
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Definition
-flexible tube with semi-complete cartilagenous rings
-ciliated epithelium with mucus cells |
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Term
| What maintains the shape of the bronchi? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Bronchioles contain cartilage |
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Definition
False
They have smooth muscle |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the extensive branching of bronchi to bronchioles? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
The movement of gas in the respiratory zone is solely due to diffusion |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
The velocity of airflow in the respiratory zone is relatively high |
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Definition
False
it is essentially zero, due to the number of small, branched airways |
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Term
| What separates air from blood in the alveoli? |
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Definition
2 layers of cells
(epithelium & endothelium) |
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Term
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Definition
| the structure dividing the thoracic cage in 2 halves |
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Term
| What are the physical 'limits' of the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
| thoracic vertebras, ribs & intercostal muscles, sternum |
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Term
| What causes resistance to flow during ventilation? |
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Definition
| friction between air particles and the airways |
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Term
| What controls the difference in pressure? |
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Definition
| compression/expansion of the lungs |
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Term
| What is the active mechanism involved in the ventilation pump? |
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Definition
Inspiration
-contraction of the diaphragm, expanding the thoracic volume, alveolar volume increases, creating a negative internal pressure to draw air in |
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Term
| What is the passive mechanism involved in the ventilation pump? |
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Definition
Expiration
-inspiratory muscles relax, lungs recoil, alveolar pressure increases, air pushed out |
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Term
| What is greater during inspiration, atmosphere pressure or alveolar pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes the horse unique in terms of ventilation? |
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Definition
| the beginning of inspiration is passive, and the end of expiration is active |
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Term
| Describe the action of the components of the ANS on the bronchial tree |
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Definition
sympathetic - relaxes cells, increases diameter
parasympathetic - contracts cells, decreases diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the lung to distend & recoil due to elastic fibers in the lung and intercostal muscles |
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Term
| What factors affect lung compliance? |
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Definition
elasticity of the tissues in lung & thoracic cage
surface tension of alveioli |
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Term
| What causes alveolar surface tension? What effect does it have on surface area? |
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Definition
hydrogen bonds in water molecules when in contact with air
-reduces surface area |
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Term
| How can surface tension of alveoli be reduced? |
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Definition
surfactant
-a mixture of phospholipids, Ca2+ & proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| inadequate production of surfactant, increasing surface tension and decreasing ventilation |
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Term
| What does a spirometer do? |
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Definition
| measures the volume of air inhaled & exhaled |
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Term
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Definition
| the air remaining in the lungs even after the expiratory reserve volume has been expired |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum air that can be inhaled & exhaled |
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Term
| What is total lung capacity? |
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Definition
| residual volume + vital capacity |
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Term
| What is the term for normal breathing? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased depth/frequency of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
frequent, shallow breathing
e.g. panting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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