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| tendency of people to accept an idea as valid because it has been repeated so often for a long time and to retain a belief because it reduces unpleasant feelings of uncertainty. |
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| tendency for people to accept information as valid because it comes from a source they respect |
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| tendency of people to accept an idea as valid, without applying logical thought or examining facts, because it seems self-evident |
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| individuals apply reasoning-that is logical thinking- carefully to make plans, generate knowledge, and arrive at conclusions |
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| gaining knowledge by observations that can vary in the directness of the assessment |
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| basic assumption in science that events in our world are orderly, predictable, and follow certain rules of cause and effect |
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| those that can be answered through direct or indirect systematic observation in research |
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| factual information; usually in numerical form |
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| procedures used in research to guide or manage events or conditions |
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| deal with facts or conditions relating to research or their discipline impartially, without the influence of personal feelings or expectations |
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| the observer is unaware of what will be seen |
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| processes of science find errors in the knowledge it generates and revise that information |
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| perform a retest of the conditions in a study |
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| system of knowledge and methods that many people erroneously view as scientific |
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| self observation; people trained to pay very close attention to their own immediate sensations and perceptions |
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| plausible, organized, and logical set of principles and facts presented to explain why and under what circumstances as phenomenon occurs |
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| economical; simple and straightforward as possible |
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| unobservable, hypothetical entities or processes that are inferred from specific events, such as behavior, and assumed to change or occur under certain circumstances |
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| by making certain predictions, theories can be refuted or disproved |
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1. provides mainly a representation or description of the processes in a phenomenon and their relationships
2. an analogy to or substitution for a related entity or process |
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1. tentative explanation or description that applies to a relatively narrow set of phenomena
2. specific prediction for the outcome of a study |
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| scientific approach for accomplishing a goal |
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| variable of potential or suspected influence |
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| variable that depends on variations in independent variable |
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| high degree of control to examine differences in the effects of specific conditions by manipulating the independent variable, looking for resulting changes in the dependent variable and isolating or eliminating unwanted or extraneous factors |
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| looks for differences between specific conditions or groups but fails to meet one or more criteria for concluding that an independent variable caused any variations in the dependent variable |
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| statistical reflection of relation between variables; changes in one variable correspond with changes in another |
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| degree and direction of statistical association between variables |
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| involves observing events or phenomena to detail or categorize them or the chart their course |
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