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| In comparison to randomized experiments, ________ is a less formalized procedure designed for circumstances where random assignment would be disruptive to ordinary social behavior. |
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| Research experiments can be implemented through: |
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Definition
| Lab experiments, field experiments, survey experiments |
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| An analyst is interested in studying how different class scheduling systems affect students’ performance standardized tests. To do this, she should conduct an experiment that involves_____, since whole schools must be assigned scheduling systems: |
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| A researcher for a school truancy program wants to investigate and compare several possible treatments and contrast them with more than one control. The various treatments that she wants to compare are referred to as the: |
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| The ______ in experiments represent unintended or uncontrolled human aspects of the research situation that factor into the investigator’s conclusions on the study, potentially biasing the outcome. |
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| A medical researcher studying a disease administers a drug to the experiment group to see if it has an effect on their symptoms, and a _______, or phony pill to the control group, which was randomly chosen to not receive the treatment. |
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| A medical researcher for a new procedure to treat depression is worried that her control group may gain access or exposure to the treatment, either intentionally or unintentionally. This is referred to as: |
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True or false?
In randomized experiments, attrition refers to participants dropping out from the experiment, which can affect the estimated treatment effect. |
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Definition
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| From an ethical standpoint, randomized experiments must ensure that there is (3 concepts): |
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Definition
-Beneficence
-Voluntary participation
-Informed Consent |
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| A _______ lacks random assignment and the degree of researcher control that randomized experiments have, but otherwise possess similar purposes and structural attributes. |
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| _________ refers to policies and programs designed to provide knowledge of causation, and have led to the increased use of evidence-based programs and managerial studies. |
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Definition
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| Professor Smith is designing a study to test for causal evidence between after school programs and truancy. She is interested in revealing genuine causal effects, where the treatment /independent variable is exogenous, and the treatment groups are comparable, or homogenous. This is known as: |
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| An analyst conducts a quasi-experiment relating to education and success, and finds that while the experiment provided weaker evidence of causation, it did turn out better in terms of stronger generalizability than a randomized field experiment. This refers to: |
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| A teacher tests a group of students prior to going on a field trip to the history museum, and then again afterward to determine whether their knowledge of history increased. This is an example of a: |
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Definition
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| A group of researchers are studying the state’s motorcycle helmet laws by tracking monthly injury rates. They examine data for several years before the new law was passed, and for the several years after it was passed. This is example of a(n) _______ study. |
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Definition
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Term
| Panel data offer researchers the advantage of: |
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Definition
-Repeated observations over time of the same participants
-More possible independent variable values
-More observations (larger sample size) |
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Term
| A(n) ______ variable is a variable that causes the independent variable to change but does not affect the outcome other than through the independent variable: |
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Definition
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| True or false? Natural and quasi-experiments tend to have significantly higher ethical problems than randomized experiments. |
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Definition
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| _______ study is one where assignment to the treatment is based on a cut point for a single quantitative assignment variable. |
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Definition
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| Barriers in having research influence policy may include: |
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Definition
-Time and timeliness
-Interest groups
-Cultural and Moral Values |
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| Funders (i.e. governments, foundations, etc.) issue _________ to solicit potential researchers to conduct studies for questions that need to be answered. |
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Definition
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| Common sources for research include: |
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Definition
-Think tanks
-Colleges/Universities
-Government |
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| Researchers must weigh in __________ in determining whether or not to conduct a research project. These include time and necessary resources to complete the project. |
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| True or false? All countries employ the same ethical review process in evaluating scientific and social research. |
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| A graduate student is seeking IRB approval to conduct a simple survey of college students on the topic of on-campus restaurant selection that will not be published in a research journal but simply used for an informal website for the college’s students. The study poses minimal risk, and the IRB will likely deem it: |
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Definition
| Not under IRB jurisdiction because not generalizable human subjects research |
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Term
| True or false? Researchers always need to secure signed informed consent forms from subjects in all research settings. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ethical conduct requires that researchers keep data confidential. Researchers may achieve this by (3 ways): |
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Definition
-Locking a filing cabinet to protect data on paper
-Using passwords to protect data in electronic files
-Keeping data stored on a separate hard drive not accessible to anyone but the researcher |
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Term
| A researcher is designing a study to examine how individuals with a particular injury compare with similar individuals who have not experienced the same outcome. This is known as a |
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| Professor Smith is interested in understanding test scores for a group of students. She decides to _____ the data, or condition it by breaking it up into groups where test scores become the control variable. |
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Definition
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| A(n) _______________ is bias that results when a researcher fails to control for a common cause. |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher knows that learning to read comes before reciting the theme of a book. This is referred to as a(n) |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false? A lurking variable is one that is unseen in the background, which has the potential to bias the estimated causal relationship between variables. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are measured variables that stand in for or substitute for the unmeasured variables. |
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Definition
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Term
| The term ______ refers to how rapidly a social or economic condition changes over time. |
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Definition
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Term
| In health care studies, ___________ refers to the number or share of a population that has a condition or disease, while ____________ is the rate at which new cases of a disease appear in a population. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ______ is a pattern of values spread out over the categories or numeric range of a variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____________ refers to how far the scores are, on average, from the mean. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false? The mean is always the best measure of center since it captures the full range of scores. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false? The variance is the square of the standard deviation, and refers to the general idea of variability in data. |
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| ______________ is a method used to describe relationships between nominal or ordinal categorical variables. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false? A correlation is a measure of the strength and direction of a relationship between two quantitative variables. |
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Definition
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| ______________ uses a best-fit straight line to describe how one quantitative variable predicts another... |
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Definition
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| If a researcher is interested in calculating a measure of how big a difference or effect is relative to the ordinary variation that the variable undergoes, then he/she should utilize the computation for ____. |
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Term
| In research, drawing conclusions about an unknown population parameter based upon a sample estimate is referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Statistical inference is comprised of (3 things): |
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Definition
-Point estimates
-Precision
-Significance tests |
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Term
| When a sampling procedure is repeated many times, drawing samples of the same size from which to make inferences of the population, a ________ is produced. |
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Definition
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| The ____ tells us the typical amount of sampling error we can expect in our point estimate. |
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Definition
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| ______ _______ tell the researcher the range of values in which the true parameter that is being estimated most likely falls, based upon what is learned from the sample. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false? Confidence intervals always reflect all sources of error. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______________ is an estimate of how many subjects are needed to get the precision required for the study. |
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Definition
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| Professor Smith is looking to test for differences between variables. She develops a ___ hypothesis which is a statement of no difference or no relationship, and a(n) ____ hypothesis, which indicates that there is a difference and a relationship. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false? The p value is the probability associated with a test statistic, and represents the probability of observing the sample estimate when the null hypothesis about the population is true. |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher looking to test whether two categorical variables are related, as in the form of a cross-tabulation, would want to conduct a: |
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Definition
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Term
| In research, __________ predicts or explains a dependent variable using several independent variables. |
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Definition
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| A researcher is interested in whether a variable really adds predictive power. Using the ________ adjusts for the number of independent variables in the multiple regression equation. |
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Definition
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Term
| An agency analyst finds that her independent variable is a perfect linear combination of two more of the other independent variables. This is referred to as: |
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Definition
| Perfect multicollinearity |
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Term
| True or false? Categorical variables may have more than two possible values. |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher is interested in determining how study habits differ for male versus female students. She gives a variable a value of 1 if the student is female, and 0 if the student is male. The researcher is using a: |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher has coded a set of dummy variables representing multiple categories so that the regression coefficients turn out to be contrasts with a grand mean. This method is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false? Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method derived from experimental research which compares the means of the dependent variable across treatment categories. |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher may use a ________ for doing multiple regression with a dummy variable as the dependent variable, where the coefficients can be interpreted as the predicted probability that the dependent variable will occur. |
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Definition
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Term
| Professor Smith wants to explore the relationship between study habits, socializing, and going to class. She decides to use _______ to help estimate the pattern of relationships between variables in a presumed causal structure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Researchers use ________ to group many variables or indicators into a smaller set of underlying factors. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false? A limited dependent variable is one that cannot take on all possible values (such as negative values). |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ uses data from a time series to predict future values of the dependent variables. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ _____ are increasingly used as part of geographic information science to identify geographic coordinates and calculate distances. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two researchers find that GPA and test scores among college students are only correlated because they both reflect the same _____, stronger reading and math abilities |
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Definition
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Term
| A variable that causally comes before both the independent and dependent variables is referred to as a(n): |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher finds that variable A causes a reduction in variable B, but at the same time, as variable B decreases, it causes changes in variable A. This is an example of a phenomenon that results in: |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ seeks to provide an idea of how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| An ____ independent variable is one whose value is caused by variables or processes that also affect the dependent variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ refers to manipulating a cause to observe an effect, such as a health care practitioner introducing physical activities into a group of patients to study the result. |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) _______________ is introduced to attempt to manipulate specific features of the environment or context in a way that is deliberately independent of and apart from other characteristics of the subjects in an experiment. |
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Definition
| Intervention or treatment |
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Term
| To better understand how trends in economic performance occur, Professor Smith decides to _______ (or hold constant) possible causes that may result in changes in performance. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false? Correlation is not causation. |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher is interested in observing students in their natural environment to better understand how they test in classroom settings. This is known as a(n) _______________ study. |
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Definition
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Term
| An example of sources of data that may be used by researchers in an observational study would include: |
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Definition
-Telephone surveys
-Administrative record data
-Secondary data from large government surveys |
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Term
| A ________ allows researchers to adjust for the effects of other variables, such as the influence of education on voting behavior: |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ seeks to find individuals or cases who are as similar as possible on relevant characteristics. |
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Definition
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