Term
3 General Sources of Data Collection
(Not Techniques) |
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Definition
Asking Questions
Making Observations
Examining Written Records |
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| Also know as "Reactive", meaning when the subject knows that they are part of a study |
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| Also know as "Non-Reactive", meaning when the subject is unaware that they are being studied. Example being: Watching cars at a stop light. |
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| Types of Question Construction |
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| Not a yes or no question and response categoriess and it makes the respondent write. A lot of good information. The researcher has to classify, reduce and code that information. |
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| Have a question and a set of answers. Advantages are its easier to calssify or code. Disadvantages are response categories are mutually exclusive and exhaustive |
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| Two Type of Close-Ended Questions |
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| 'Skip two' questions or referal questions. When doing self-administered surveys, you want to reduce the number of skip 2 or just get rid of them. |
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| "Never, sometimes and Always" questions. Likert scale: Categories range from "strongly disagree to strongly agree". Advantages- Uses space efficently and increases the resonse rate. Also easy to complete. Disavantages- getting bored as a person who is filling it out and respons set (looking for patterns). |
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| Guidelines for asking Questions |
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Avoid: Jargon Ambiguity, Emotional statements, Double-barreled questions, Leading Questions, Asking about the Future and Overlapping response categories.
Taget the least common denominator. |
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| Langue needs to be universal, not using words people do not understand. |
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| Both in the question and the responses. Example: If a survey asks what your income is and leave it that general, there could be many different answers for different people. (Hourly, Daily, Weekly, Monthly, etc.) |
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| Double-Barreled Questions |
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| Asking more than one question in one question. |
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| Asking a question in way that might lead the subject to answer a certin way. Example: 'You don't smoke, do you?' |
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| Asking questions about the future is bad because many people don't know what they will be doing in the future. Example: 'What are you going to do in 5 years?' |
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| Overlapping Response Categories |
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| Target the Least Common Denominator |
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| Want the individual to have capability to respond to the question. Considering education level. |
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| Data Collecting Techniques |
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Survey Research
Content Analysis
Secondary Data Analysis |
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| Logic-Survey items are developed based on the conceptualization and measurement process |
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| General Concerns of Survey Research |
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| Ordering of the Questions. Never start the survey with sensitive information. Demographic questions should be near the end of the survey. |
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Mail/ Self-Administered
Group Self-Administered
Telephone interview
Face to Face interview
Electronic Survery (Self-Administered) |
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| To send a survey through the mail for a person to do. The best time to send a person a survery is at the end of the week and the best time for a business is at the begining. One concer with this process is the response rate. |
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1st- Cover Letter, SASE, Survey
2nd- Reminder Post-Card
3rd- To the non-respondant only complete re-mailing for step one
4th- Priority to special delibery mailing |
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| Group Self-Adminstered Survey |
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Definition
| The process of this is to have a captive audience all at once. The concern with this is to find a general audience that is generalizable, socially desirability and Coercions. |
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| Telephone Surveys (Interview) |
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| Calling the subject and asking the question over the phone. Some concerns are if you're reaching enough and the approprate individuals. Response rate is also an issue. |
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| Someone agrees to participate in a face to face interview, then you sit down with said person and have interview.Some concerns are, those doing the interview must be highly trained and know the topics being asked and the instruments being used. |
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| Advantaged of Face to Face Interview |
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Definition
| The answer are very indept and have a very hig response rate. The interviewer can use a very complex survey and it can be lengthy |
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| Self-Administered Electronic Surveys |
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| Send survey through email or web-based progran and have the interviewie respond. Some concerns are response rate and not everyone has internet access. |
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| Two type of Self-Administered Electronic Surveys. |
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Email- Know who sent what because it's sent directly to the interviewie
Web Survey- Safe and secure site with out knowing who the interviewer is. |
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| Analyzing the content of text (key words are content and text) |
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| Coding (Modes of Observations for Content Analysis) |
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| Visible surface content, Exatracting exactly what you see |
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| The Underlying meaning, Subjective interpretation of what you see |
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Term
Reliablity and Validity
Manifest |
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| High reliability, Low Validity |
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Reliability and Validity
Latent |
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| High validity, Low reliability |
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| The reanalysis of data collected by other researchers. All variables of interest are available in one dataset. |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary Data Analysis |
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| Goal: To understand what the activities and events mean to the individual enaging in them |
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Complete Participant
Participant as Observer
Observer as Participant
Complete Observer
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| Researcher fully participates in all activities and events, but nobody knows they are conducting research |
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| Primary rolse of the reseearche, they are a participant and the secondary role is an observer. Not everyone is aware that research is being conducted, but some are |
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| Primary role is making observations and secondary role is a participant. Most people know that they are being observed |
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| Simply making observations, somethimes people are aware, somethimes people aren't |
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| Adapting to culture, values and beliefs of what or whom you are studying |
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| Probablity or non-probability |
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| Issues to Consider for Sampling |
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| Site selection considerations, Gaining entry considerations, Develop a rapport. |
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Obsercations- Watch, Listen
Field Notes- The observed events, Interpretation of the observed event |
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Jotted
Direct observation
Research inference notes
Analytic notes
Personal Notes |
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| Two General types, Descriptive and Inferential |
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