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Definition
| It allows us to accurately infer characteristics about a population. Its cheap and fast. |
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| Data gathered from an entire population |
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Definition
| A selection of events from a population |
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| A group defined by the researcher |
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Definition
| The tendency for a sample to be wrong so it doesn't represent the population accurately |
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Definition
| 1) Must represent the population accurately. 2) Must be large enough to permit accurate analysis of the data they gather |
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| Sample size: how large should a sample be? |
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Definition
| Depends on how much sampling error (bias) you are willing to tolerate |
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| Sampling error. what is it? |
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| margin of error associated with the sample |
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Definition
| Good reporting of a survey has it. it is the % Chance its completely wrong |
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| Statistical effects of small samples |
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Definition
| 1) Small samples increase sampling error. 2) Small samples make it difficult to detect significant relationships |
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| Volunteer Subjects: The 4 problems with it |
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Definition
1) Increased need for social approval.
2) Increased socioeconomic status
3) Increased intelligence
4) Tend to have reduced conformity |
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Definition
| When each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
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Definition
| True random sampling. Simple random sampling. Drawn at random. Not useful when subjects need to be divided into subgroups. used in field settings |
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Definition
| Random. use when stratified group things are wanted. Problems: Have to know the size of the strata to use the info. Uses large samples = $$ |
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Definition
| A way around stratified sampling. Look for naturally occurring samples in the enviro. |
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| How do you sample clusters? |
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Definition
| 1) ID the clusters. 2) Draw random samples from the clusters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-random sampling. Use a selection of events that a readily available. EX: Teacher uses his/her students |
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Definition
| Non-random. Similar to stratified, don't take random sample. EX: Only want to study people over 6 ft tall and compare to people >5ft. tall |
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| Used to study deviant (rare characteristic) behavior. Works well w/ naturally occurring events. |
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| Disadvantages of snowball sampling |
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Definition
1) Yield biased results.
2) Statistically you can't compute the confidence interval. 3) Can't control the pop. 4) Refusal rate of over 25% then the info auto fails |
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Term
| 3 kinds of descriptive statistics |
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Definition
| 1) Averages ex: avg. GPA. 2) Variability ex: compares averages. 3) Correlations ex: looks to see relationships in variability |
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Definition
| Use probabilities to make inferences about populations. ex: probability it will rain tomorrow. |
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| Measures of central tendency |
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Definition
| Tell us whats going on in sample groups or pop's on the avg. EX: Mean, median, mode |
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Definition
| Range, variance, standard deviation |
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