Term
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Definition
- Blueprint for other reports
- Opportunity to obtain a picture of victims
- Assesses fear of crime, satisfaction with police services, etc
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Term
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Definition
- Computer-assisted telephone interviewing
- Revised screening questions
- Rephrasing of many questions
- Increase threshold for series victimization
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Term
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Definition
- Costly
- False reporting
- Mistaken interpretation of incidents
- Over reporting and under-reporting
- Sampling bias
- Mechanical errors
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Term
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Definition
- Hierchy rule
- Crime is unweighted
- Victims deemphasized
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Term
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Definition
- Household samples
- 12 and up
- Asks questions about drug useage and alcohol consumption
- Victimless crimes
- Measurement error of underestimating may occur
- Distinguishes different between heavy, current and lifetime use
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Term
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Definition
- Incident-based
- No hierchy rules
- Crimes against society
- Attempted crimes
- Computer crime
- Quality control
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Term
| Three Important Factors in Experimental Research |
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Definition
- Ind and Dep Variables
- Pre-testing and post-testing
- Experimental and control groups
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Term
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Definition
- Measures type 1 index crimes and type 2 crimes
- Summary data
- Can compare different agencies
- Crimes against people and property
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Term
| Categories of Measurement Error |
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Definition
- Mistakes
- Stable attributes
- Situational factors
- Transient states
- Test characteristics
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Term
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Definition
Multiple persons with the same characteristics
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Term
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Definition
- Panel study that asks broader questions than other surveys
- Cross-sectional for some high school students and cohort for others (when in college)
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Term
| Methods of Assessing Reliability |
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Definition
- Test-Retest Method
- Inter-Rater Method
- Split-Half Method
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Term
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Definition
| A condition that MUST be present for the effect to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition that, if it is present, will pretty much guarantee that the effect will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to classify every observation in terms of one and only one attribute |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to classify every observation in terms of one of the attributes composing the variable |
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Term
| Nonequivalent Group Designs |
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Definition
| Aggregate matching- finding people that are as similar as possible |
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Term
| Experimental research rules out __ explanations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ambiguity about order of stimulus and DV |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual act of one particular crime |
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Term
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Definition
| Asks people to recall their past for the purpose of approximation observations over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Assures that the scale measures what it is intended to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| At least one IV is manipulated Between-Subjects and at lease one IV is manipulated Within-Subjects |
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Term
| Three Experimental Designs |
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Definition
| Between-subjects designs, within-subjects designs and mixed designs |
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Term
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Definition
| Categories that have some explicit relationship among them |
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Term
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Definition
Changes in the measurement process
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Term
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Definition
Changes over time resulting from the aging process
- Reduce time between measurements
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Term
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Definition
Collects emergency medical treatment reports for "drug episodes" from a sample of hospitals
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Term
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Definition
Compare measurement from different observers who are rating the same persons, events or places.
- Want them to be able to draw same conclusions/inferences
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Term
| Criteria-Related Validity |
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Definition
| Compares a measure to some external criterion |
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Term
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Definition
| Construct validity that makes sure measures correlate with measures of similar constructs |
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Term
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Definition
| Construct validity that makes sure measures dont correlate with measures of unrelated constructs |
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Term
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Definition
Control group is deprived of something to be of value
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Term
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Definition
| Control group tries harder |
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Term
| Concurrent Criteria-Related Validity |
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Definition
Correlates with current outcomes
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Term
| Predictive Criteria-Related Validity |
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Definition
Correlates with future outcomes
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Term
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Definition
| Different participants are exposed to different conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Differential loss of subjects across conditions
- Replace and report, Pretest and compare dropouts to continue
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Term
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Definition
Drawing conclusions about groups from individual level data
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Term
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Definition
Drawing conclusions about individuals from group level data
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Term
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Definition
| Empirical relationship between variables, temporal order and no alternative explanations |
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Term
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Definition
| Establishes existence of cause-effect relationship by sytematically manipulation one or more variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Events occur during the course of the experiment |
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Term
| Cohort Longitudinal Designs |
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Definition
Examine more specific populations as they change over time
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Term
| What establishes causal relationships? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Experimental participants are distributed into various groups on a random basis. Only guarantees equality if large numbers. |
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Term
| Experimenter Expectancy Effects |
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Definition
Experimenters influence DV
Prevention: double-blind or computer automated |
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Term
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Definition
| Extent to which an experiment is similar to the real-world |
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Term
| Statistical Regression to the Mean |
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Definition
Extreme scores regress to the mean
- control group and large sample size
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Term
| T/F: Being charged before being convicted is a sufficient cause. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: In longitudinal designs, researchers collect data once |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Longitudinal designs have little threats to validity |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Collecting data is conducting research |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Experimental research can increase genaralizability and can manipulate all variables |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Feelings of deprevation and control group gives up |
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Term
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Definition
| Follows subjects forward in time |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal groups with established leaders and rules |
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Term
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Definition
| Generalizability from a relationship observed in one setting to the same relationship in another setting |
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Term
| Static-group Pretest-postest Design (classical experiment) |
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Definition
| Group is observed. One is presented stimulus (experimental group) and another is not (control group). They both are then observed again |
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Term
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Definition
| Group with something unique in their environment |
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Term
| Randomized Pretest-Postest Control Group |
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Definition
| Groups are randomized, pretest, experimental group is presented stimulus, then both are postested |
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Term
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Definition
| How well the observed cause and effects relationship represents the underlying causal process in which the researcher is interested |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Longitudinal design that studies changes within some general population on two or more occasions
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Term
| Nonequivalent Group Designs |
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Definition
| Match subjects in experimental with "comparison" group as well as possible using important variables likely related to DV under study b/c randomization isnt possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the extent to which a test represents all possible items |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitoring, Agency accountability, Research |
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Term
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Definition
| Observations in category are alike on some property, but differ from eachother. There is no ordering of the categories |
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Term
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Definition
| Offender, Victim, Offense, Incident |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more offenses committed by the same offender or group of offenders acting in concert, at the same time and place |
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Term
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Definition
Participants believe they know the hypothesis or how they are supposed to behave in the course of the study
- Prevent with double-blind testing, deception, habituation, and use involving research designs
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Term
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Definition
Participants' behavior changes because they know they are being observed
- Prevent with double-blind testing, deception, habituation, and use involving research designs
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Term
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Definition
| People don't know what is going on |
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Term
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Definition
| People know about but don't tell to police |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Products of social beings and their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Quantitative observations that have some explicit relationship among them, but relationship is known and exact. There is a meaningful zero point. |
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Term
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Definition
| Quantitative observations that have some explicit relationship among them, but the relationship is known and exact. There is no meaningful zero point |
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Term
| Randomized Solomon Four-group Design |
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Definition
| Randomize all groups, two are pretested, two are not, the experimental groups is presented the stimulus and they all are post-tested |
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Term
| Randomized Posttest-only, control group |
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Definition
| Randomize control and experimental groups, don't pretest, present stimulus, post-test |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires relatively more subtle, complex, or indirect observations for things that cannot be observed directly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Same participants are exposed to same conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple design where variable of interest is presented to one observation once. |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone suspicious may act differently than someone who would not |
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Term
| If there is a statistical relationship between the change in the suspected cause and the change in the suspected effect, there is __ |
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Definition
| Statistical Conclusion Validity |
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Term
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Definition
Study changes within some general population over time
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Term
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Definition
| Studying sample of subjects at one point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| Studying subjects over a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| Subject's behavior is a function of IV and something else |
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Term
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Definition
| Summary data so may count the same person more than once |
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Term
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Definition
| Surveys provides ongoing assessment of drug use among arrestees |
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Term
| Reliability and True Score Theory |
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Definition
| Take 2 measurements and see how they compare |
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Term
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Definition
| Test item isn't written well |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which your study actually measures what it says it is measuring |
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Term
| Static-group Comparison Design |
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Definition
| The researchers don't pre-test, present stimulus to experimental group, then post-test because they believe pretest has an impact on the result |
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Term
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Definition
| The scale can consistently measure something |
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Term
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Definition
The way in which subjects are chosen
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Term
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Definition
| Theoretical creations, cannot be observed directly or indirectly |
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Term
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Definition
| Things going on around you |
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Term
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Definition
| Told police, but police dont write it down |
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Term
| T/F: Longitudinal designs are more representative of true phenomenon |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Reliability infers reliability |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When a study appears to measure what it is measuring |
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Term
| Diffusion/Limitation of treatment |
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Definition
| When experimental group and control groups communicate, experimental group may pass some elements to the control group |
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Term
| Quasi-Experimental Designs |
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Definition
| When randomization isnt practical, ethical or legal, this research design is conducted. |
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Term
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Definition
| When researchers measure a phenomenon that does not change between two points seperated by an interval of time |
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Term
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Definition
| Whether variables are related to each other in the logically expected direction |
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Term
| One-group pretest-postest design |
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Definition
| Within-subject design where researcher observes, presents stimulus, then observes again |
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Term
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Definition
| n=# of participants Small n makes it difficutl to draw conclusions, there is external validity and experimenter bias |
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