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| An article that provides a summary of the scientific literature about a topic |
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| Meta-Analysis and Systematic review |
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| An article that provides a structured report of findings from a research investigation |
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| An article that provides a structured description of a novel approach to assessment and/or intervention with a single client or a small number of clients |
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| An article that discusses novel or controversial information about a topic of broad impact within a profession (their opinion) |
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| Peer-review journal article |
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| A research article that has undergone intensive review by at least two other professionals who are considered peers of the authors in a given field of study. |
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| * Formatting is typically standardized in accordance with a professionÕs accepted guidelines |
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| * This allows for efficiency with reading and interpreting findings |
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| Sections of Research Article |
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| 3 Important Sections to Focus on |
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| * 100-250 word summary of the study |
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| * Detailed description of how the study was conducted |
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| * How the data was analyzed and the outcome |
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| Levels of Evidence in Quantitative Research |
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| This is based upon the Cochrane model |
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| To be at highest level of evidence can only include RCTs. |
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| RCT: Participants donÕt know if getting treatment or control/placebo. Reduces bias and increases validity of findings. |
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| Non-randomized/Quasi-experimental & Follow-up Studies: |
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| Participants assigned to treatment and control by convenience. Quasi-experimental are between or within subject designs rather than a comparison of conditions. Follow-up studies look at sustained treatment effect over time. |
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| Case series/Case Control & Historically Controlled Studies: |
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| A case series is a longitudinal study of subjects following intervention and at follow-up points. A case control is a comparison of one group with a condition with another group without the condition. Historically controlled studies compare a group receiving an intervention with retrospective data from another group that did not receive the intervention (smart phone app for outpatient OT appointments) |
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| Report the effects of an intervention on one person with no control involved. |
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| How well a study minimizes bias: |
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| * Blinding: subject/participant |
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| * Reduces bias due pacebo effect |
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| * Double-blind: researcher & subject |
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| * Also reduces researcher/experimenter bias & observation bias |
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| Accuracy of outcomes using appropriate statistical analysis |
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| The relevance of an assessment tool used to measure effectiveness of an intervention |
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| * How well the researchers/authors: |
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| * Describe the study background |
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| the purpose, the research question, the methods, and analysis |
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| Methodological Congruence |
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| * Rigor in Procedures & Confirmability (enough detail to replicate the study) |
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| o Reduce bias (equal weight of high versus low status informants) |
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| o Reduce effect of researcher presence |
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| * Ex: disclose status as an observer in a group |
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| o Appropriate recruitment |
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| o Sufficient amounts of data collected (saturation) to prevent fabrication of findings |
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| o Confirmability of data collection and analysis |
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| * Any propositions made are verified by the data |
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| * Theoretical statements are close to findings |
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| categories, or theoretical statements must form a clear, cohesive picture |
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| * Theoretical constructs and their relationships are validated by the data |
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| clearly defined and sufficient to form a new theory or confirms existing theory |
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| * Applicability of findings to practice |
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| * The findings are consistent with the fieldÕs knowledge base |
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| * Importance of the finding to current knowledge |
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| * New phenomenon acknowledges existing evidence or shows how it fills a gap |
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