What is the difference between the independent variable and the dependent variable?

The independent variable (IV) is manipulated or controlled by the researcher.  The dependent variable (DV) is the outcome or the data.

Here's a way to remember: independent start with "I".  Think, "I" control the independent variable and then we will see what the deal will be.  'Deal" and dependent both begin with "d".

1. Subjects are informed of any risks

2. Negative after effects will be removed or treated

3. Subjects are allowed to withdraw at any time

4. Confidentiality of the subjects is protected at all times

5. Report results will be presented accurately and honestly

6. You will use only techniques you are trained to use

0.05 or less

*0.05 and 0.01 are the two most popular levels of significance

1. t test

2. ANOVA  (yields F statistic)

3. ANCOVA

4. Kruskal-Wallis

5. Wilcoxon signed rank test

6. Mann-Whitney U-Test

7. Spearman Correlation or Kendall's tau

8. Chi-square nonparametric test

True or False? If you have a r= 0.0, there is a strong relationship between the variables.

When a researcher employs more than one target behavior, he is using ____________ design.

(For instance, he measures anxiety and hostility both)

True or False?

The modal score is the highest point on the bell curve.

Subtract the lowest or smallest score from the highest or largest score.

Example: Highest score is 54 and lowest is 1. The range would be 53.

It is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean. For example, computing a harmonic mean from scores of 2, 2, and 4 would require you to find the reciprocal of each score and then the mean.

1/2 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 1.25

1.25/3= .4166

Then, convert your answer to the reciprocal again to get 1/.4166 is the harmonic mean.

What is the median of the following group of scores?

1, 6, 6, 8, 3, 10, 9, 12

*Remember: when you have an even number of scores, you will need to take the two middle or median scores and average them to get the median.

The median of this group of scores is 7.

The computation looks like this:

6 and 8 are the middle or median scores. So,

6 + 8 = 14

14/2= 7 (the arithmetic mean)

Solomon four-group design created by Richard Solomon;

The control and experimental group that did not pretest are merely post-tested and then the groups are compared.

The researcher is working with two distinct populations.

What would the range or measure of variance be for this group of scores:

42, 50, 53, 75, 82, 85

The range or measure of variance would be 43 (or on some exams 44)

Compute the range by taking the highest score and subtracting the lowest score    85-42 = 43.  Some statistics books and tests have you subtract and then add 1 to your answer to get the Inclusive range.  If it asked for the exclusive range, do not add 1 to your answer!!

50; SD of 10

a leptokurtic distribution

Remember: Tall and skiiny is like a skyscraper. One would have leapt over a tall building to jump over it.

1. nominal

2. ordinal

3. interval

4. ratio

True or false?

A nominal scale has no true zero point and does not indicate order.

1. Poor Construction of the Instrument

2. A low return rate

3. Subjects are not picked at random

The Rosenthal Effect

Remember: School Teacher story where she is told that certain students will excel based on testing results that did not actually happen. Because of her attitude toward those students, they did excel.

68

Rationale: The mean or average of the WAIS-III is 100 with a SD of 15.  In a normal bell curve, 68% of the scores will fall within 1SD of the mean.