Term
| can you give the homologous structures for the male and female external genitalia. What hormone determines which one develops? |
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Definition
| external- glans penis= glans clitoris, scrotum=labia majora, urethral fold=labia minora. males develop wolfian ducts and females develop mullerian ducts.. testosterone |
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Term
| what organism makes up the majority of the normal flora in the vagina |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the normal pH of the vagina? how can pH change during ovulation |
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Definition
pH- about 5
the pH may become more alkaline during ovulation |
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Term
| why can douching be harmful |
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Definition
| it removes normal flora making room and a higher pH for pathanogenic organisms to flurish |
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Term
| what is the mucus plug of the cervix and what is its function and what is ferning |
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Definition
the mucus plug is mucus secretions from the cervical cells. its function is to prevent pathogens from enterin the uterus.
thinning of the plug during ovulation |
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Term
| what is meant by prolapsed uterus |
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Definition
| uterus sags through the vaginal canal because of weakend internal ligaments |
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Term
| which of the three layers of the uterus receives the embryo for implantation |
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Definition
Perimetrium- outer layer made of serous peritonum
Myometrium- middle smooth muscle layer
Endometrium- mucous membrane inner lining. embryo implants in endometrim |
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Term
| which layer of the uterus sloughs off during menstration. which layer is regenerative |
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Definition
the stratum functionalis of the endometrim.
the stratum basalis |
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Term
| what are the other two names for the folopian tubes |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the cilia in the oviduct |
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Definition
| to move the oocyte/ovum toward the uterus |
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Term
| where do sperm normally meet the egg for fertilization |
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Definition
| the ampulla of the oviduct |
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Term
| about how long does it take the egg to reach the uterus |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the fimbrae |
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Definition
| to creat a current in the peritoneal fluids using cilia that sweeps the oocyte into the oviduct |
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Term
| can you describe the stages of follicular development (primordial through Graafian) |
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Definition
primordial-immature oocyte surrounded by a simple squamous cells
primary- develping oocyte surround by cuboidal follicular and granulose cells
secondary- like the primary but the oocte is srrounded by a fluid filled antrum
Graffian- like a secondary but the antrum is so large the ovary wall wall budges |
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Term
what are the functions of the following cells
follicular
granulose
theca |
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Definition
follicular cells- mitosis to generate granulosa cells
granulosa cells- make the enzyme aromatase via protien synthasis
theca cells- produce adrogen from cholesterol |
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Term
| can you describe the hormonal events that lead to the onset of menarche |
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Definition
| at puberty the hypothalmus becomes less sensitive to estrogens negative feedbackand begins to secrete GnRH |
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Term
| can you give the names of the two phases of the ovarian cycle? during which days do these phases occur |
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Definition
follicular phase- day 1-14
luteal phase -day 14-28 |
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Term
| what is estrogen negative feedback for |
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Definition
| it is negative feedback for the hypothalmus and the anterior pituitary. this ensures that only one follicle develops and is ovulated |
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Term
| on which day of ovarian cycle does ovulation usually occur |
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Definition
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Term
| what prevents additional LH surges |
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Definition
| negative feed back to the hypothalmus and anterior pituitary by progesterone and estrogen and inhibin produced by the corpus luteum |
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Term
-what structure is formed by the remaining follicule after ovulation
-what is the pupose of this structure
-what hormones does it produce
-what are these hormones a negative feedback for |
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Definition
-corpus luteum
-to prevent additional follicles from developing and to "quiet" the myometriumin anticipation of the implantation of an ovum
-progesterone, inhibin, and estrogen
hormones for a negative feedback for the hypothalmus and anterior pituitary |
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Term
| what causes the corpus luteum to degerate and what is the remaining structure called |
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Definition
| lack of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) from the placenta. corpus albicans |
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Term
| what causes the the ovarian cycle to start over again |
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Definition
| no corpus lutium means no neative fedback to the hypothalomus and anterior pituitary so the cycle begins again |
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Term
| what is the function of progesterone |
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Definition
| to quiet the myometrium, continue growth of arteries through the endometrium and stimulate mammary growth |
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Term
what is hCG
what produces it
what is its function |
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Definition
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced by the placenta around a growing embryo/fetus
-it fees back to the ovary and keeps the corpus luteum alive and secreting hormone for 9 months
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Term
can you list and describe the phases of the uterine (endometrial) cycle
-on what days do these phases occur |
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Definition
list: menses- bleeding phase due to exposed arteries. endometrium is sloughed off due to lack of progesterone from the a dead corpus luteum
proliferative phase- estrogen encourages the growth of the endometrim, growth of spriral cells and production of progesterone recetors by the uterus. Days 7-14
secretory phase-progesterone quiets the myometrium and encourages more artery growth. cerix seretes mucus. corpus luteum us secreting hormones and the uterus secretes glycogen. days 14-28 |
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Term
| what is the function of progesterone during the proliferation phase |
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Definition
| proliferative phase- estrogen encourages the growth of the endometrim, growth of spriral cells and production of progesterone recetors by the uterus. Days 7-14 |
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Term
| what is the function of progesterone during the secretory phase |
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Definition
| secretory phase-progesterone quiets the myometrium and encourages more artery growth. cerix seretes mucus. corpus luteum us secreting hormones and the uterus secretes glycogen. days 14-28 |
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Term
| what event occurs during days 21-28 of the uterine cycle |
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Definition
| the corpus luteum dies and becomes the corpus albicans if there is no hCG. a lack of progesterone causes contractions of the myometrium that begins the sloughing of the stratum functionalis |
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Term
| what causes the bleeding during menstration |
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Definition
| after the stratum functionalis sloughs, the arteries are exposed and bleeding occurs until the stratum basalis makes enough new stratum functionalis to cover the broken arteries |
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Term
| what parameters describe menapause |
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Definition
| lack of menstration for one year |
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Term
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Definition
| the ovary is less sensitive to the effects of GnRH (LH and FSH) |
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Term
| what is the result of decreased estrogen production |
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Definition
| no more follicles develop, so nore estrogen is produced. no ovulation or corpus luteum and therefore no menses |
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Term
| do you know the name of the germ cells that give rise to sperm in the male |
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Definition
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Term
| can you describe the location and funtion of the sustentacular cells in the male.what are there other names |
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Definition
| these cells make up the walls of the sminiferous tubules and make adrogen binding protien (ABP) and inhibit for spermatogenesis. the ABP binds testosterone and is used for developing sperm. the inhibin inhibits additional release of FSH from the anterior pituitary. sertorli cells |
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Term
| can you describe the location and the function of interstitial cells in the male? what are the other names for these cells |
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Definition
these cells surround the seminiferous tubules and produce androgen (testosterone)..
Leydig cells |
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Term
can you describe the hormonal regulation of ther sertoli and leydig cells
what hormones are negative feed back regulators of this pathway |
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Definition
| the hypothalumus secretes GnRH and stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH (interstitial cell stimulating hormone) and FSH. LH acts on the leydig cells to produce adrogen (testosterone) and FSH stimulates the sertoli cells to produce ABP. the testosterone is used to mature the growing spermatocytes. some of the testosterone enters the blood and performs negative feedback to the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus. the inhibin from the sertoli cells aslo inhibits the anterior pituitary cells |
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Term
| can you explain why sperm production in males is tidal by nature |
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Definition
| the negative feedback in sperm production casues sperm to be made in a 24 hour increments there it is made in tides |
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Term
| can you explain the important the important structures and functions of the three parts of a sperm |
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Definition
structures;
head- contains the 23 chromosomes necessary to fertilize an egg the head is capped in an enzyme cap called the acrosome for fertilization. (penetration of the eggs outer surface)
midpiece- behind the head and contains lots of mitochondria that produce atp for the flagellum
flagellum(tail)- helps the sperm move through the female reproductive system |
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Term
| do you know what the term for meiosis (sperm production) in a male is called |
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Definition
| spermatogenesis. this process ends with the production and maturation of four spermatozoa (sperm) |
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Term
| do you know in which structure the sperm are produced |
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Definition
| seminiferous tubules in the testis |
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Term
| can you list in order, the structures that the sperm will encounter during ejaculation |
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Definition
| made in the seminiferous tubules> tulus rectus> rete testis> efferent ductules>epididymis>ductus deferens>ejaculatory duct>urethra>urethral orifice |
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Term
| can you give the function of each of the following structures and what they provided to the semen |
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Definition
epididymis-sperm gain motility here, flagellum gain ability to be activated
ductus deferens- propulsion of sperm
ejaculatory duct-leads pserm in to the urethra, secretions from the seminal vessicles are added to the sperm here
seminal vesicles- fructose is add as fuel for the mits. prostiglandin contractions of the female muscle (reverse parastolsis); HCO3- neutralizes acidity of vag tract, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase) causes semen to clump together
prostate- citrate is added, it helps make atp bye the mit. more bffer is added to neutralize semen and environment. fibrinlysin causes the semen to liquefy after reacahing the female reproductive tract.
bulbourethral (cowpers) glands- secretes buffers ahead of sperm to neutralize urethra |
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Term
| can you describe the function of the arosome |
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Definition
| enzymes of the acrosome help to digest the outer layer of the of the egg for fertilization |
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Term
| what nerve system controls erection and ejaculation |
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Definition
erection-PNS
ejaculation-SNS |
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Term
| describe the process of erection and ejaculation |
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Definition
| for erection NO is released causing the smooth muscles of the arteries to relax and the erectile bodies to engorge with blood. for ejaculation, symp. response causes the smooth muscle contractions of the ductus (parastalsis)and gland (secretions) to propel the sperm into the the female reproductive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| the ductus deferens are cut and tied as a nearly 100% form of birth control |
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Term
| describe sperms capacitation |
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Definition
| the sperm remain in the folds of the oviducts for 6-8 hours. during this time their acrosome is thinned so that the enzymes become functional and the sperms motility is enhanced |
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