Term
| Which 2 anterior pituitary hormones are controlled by both releasing AND inhibiting hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus releases ______ which targets the _____ to release ______. This targets the breast tissue |
|
Definition
PRH
anterior pituitary
breast |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of the mammary gland |
|
Definition
15-20 milk lobes divided by adipose tissue
each lobe is subdivided into lobules
lobules contain alveoli
alveoli secrete milk |
|
|
Term
| Where does milk accumulate during nursing? |
|
Definition
| in the lumen of the lactiferous duct |
|
|
Term
| Alveoli secrete milk into _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does prolactin have on mammary glands? |
|
Definition
| stimulates milk production & growth and development of glands & ducts |
|
|
Term
| True or False, estrogen inhibits secretion of prolactin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is milk production inhibited during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| the placenta produces estrogen, which targets the hypothalamus to secrete PIH which inhibits the anterior pituitary from secreting prolactin |
|
|
Term
| What hormone controls milk production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone controls milk release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin is released from the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What triggers oxytocin release? |
|
Definition
| suckling stimulus, visual cues or auditory cyes |
|
|
Term
| Aside from triggering milk ejection, what other effect does oxytocin have? |
|
Definition
| it increases trust among humans |
|
|
Term
True or False
Oxytocin is made by both males and females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the SRY gene found? |
|
Definition
| on the Y chromosome of all animals |
|
|
Term
| What causes sex differentiation into the female phenotype? |
|
Definition
1. no SRY protein - gonadal tissue develops into ovaries
2. No testosterone, so Wolffian duct degenerates
3. No MIF so Mullerian duct becomes fallopian tubes/uterus/vagina |
|
|
Term
| What causes sex differentiation into the male phenotype? |
|
Definition
1. SRY protein present - gonadal tissue develops into testes
2. Testosterone peresent so sertoli cells produce MIF, which maintains the Wolffian duct, Mullerian duct degenerates
3. Testosterone present so Wolffian duct becomes seminal vesicles, vas deferens, epidydimis |
|
|
Term
| All nucleated cells of the body except eggs & sperm contain how many chromosomes? How many are autosomes? How many sex chromosomes? |
|
Definition
46
22 pairs of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Eggs and sperm each contain how many chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The SRY gene is necessary but not sufficient for testes development |
|
Definition
False
necessary AND sufficient |
|
|
Term
| How can a mouse show a female phenotype but by SRY positive, XY positive? |
|
Definition
Malfunctions in all 3 of the following insulin receptors will result in female phenotypes:
INSR
IGF1R
INSSR |
|
|
Term
| What are true hermaphrodites? What are the possible karyotypes? |
|
Definition
They have both ovarian and testicular tissue
47XXY
46XX/46XY
46XX/47XXY |
|
|
Term
| What are pseudohermaphrodites? |
|
Definition
| Have external genitalia of one gender and internal sex organs of another |
|
|
Term
| What is the genetic 'issue' that is causing pseudohermaphroditism? |
|
Definition
an endocrine disorder
males with a defective 5a-reductase gene |
|
|
Term
| What does 5a-reductase do? |
|
Definition
| converts testosterone to DHT (a potent androgen) |
|
|
Term
| Why does a defect in the 5a-reductase gene cause pseudohermaphroditism? |
|
Definition
-lack of exposure to androgens in early gestation means male external genitalia don't fully develop during fetal development
-once puberty is reached, the testes resume testosterone secretion causing masculinization of external genitalia & secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| True or False, girls undergo the rapid growth & development of puberty earlier than boys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the difference between puberty & adolesence?
forget this card they're both the same |
|
Definition
puberty is the activation of HPF axis which causes maturation of the gonads
adolesence is the maturation of social & cognitive behaviours associated with adults |
|
|
Term
| What can you do to treat children with GnRH deficiencies? |
|
Definition
| administer GnRH pules to mimic the natural release pattern, will trigger puberty |
|
|
Term
True or False
People living at higher altitudes have a later onset of puberty |
|
Definition
|
|
