Term
| 2 million (1 millon/kidney) |
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Definition
| how many nephrons does the average person have? |
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Term
1)renal artery
2)segmental
3)interlobar
4)arcuate
*5)interlobular
*6)afferent arteriole
7)glomerular apparatus
8)efferent arteriole
9)peritubular capillaries (vasa recta on juxtamedullary neprhons)
10)veins...
* branch off the arcuate arteries |
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Definition
| describe the arteries of the kidney starting with the renal artery and going in |
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Term
renal erythropoetic factor
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
renin |
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Definition
| what hormones are secreted/metabolized/excreted in the kidney? |
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Term
| yes, they convert amino acids and non-carbs to glucose especially in prolonged fasting |
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Definition
| the kidneys excreted metabolic waste, foreign chemicals, and regulate acid/base, arteriole pressure, and water/electrolyte excretion. Do they do gluconeogenesis? |
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Term
| EPO is lost and so RBC's are not made (EPO is made by the liver too, but not very well, mostly made by endothelia of peritubular capillaries of kidney) |
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Definition
| why does renal failure lead to anemia? |
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Term
filtration: golmerulus
secrete/reabsorb: renal tubule and peritubular capillaries |
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Definition
| what part of the kidney does filtration? what part does secretion/reabsorbtion? |
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Term
filtration(Stuff passing through) - reabsorbtion + secretion
makes sense |
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Definition
| what is the excretion equation? |
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Term
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Definition
| nephron located in the outer cortex, has short LoH, penetrate into the medulla a short distance |
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Term
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Definition
| nephrons that lie deep in the cortex adjacent to the medulla, have long LoH and extend deep into medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of nephrons have vasa recta? |
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Term
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Definition
| how much cardiac output do the kidneys get? |
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Term
| high hydrostatic pressure -> higher GFR and decreased resorption from peritubular capillaries (stuff is flying by too fast, hard to reabsorb stuff) |
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Definition
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Term
| nothing except proteins (due to the negative charge thing + proteins are big) |
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Definition
| what is filtration selective for? |
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Term
| 20%, the rest is re-circulated |
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Definition
| how much of renal plasma is filtered? |
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Term
| its important for rapidly secreting come waste products like H+ and foreign substances such as some drugs & toxins |
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Definition
| why is secretion important? |
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Term
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Definition
| what substances are filtered only? |
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Term
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Definition
| what substances are filtered and partially reabsorbed? |
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Term
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Definition
| what substances are filtered and completely reabsorbed? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is filtered and secreted only? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how many times a day is the entire plasma volume filtered? |
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Term
| about the same just no large proteins |
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Definition
| what is the difference between glomerular filtrate and plasma? |
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Term
| GFR/Renal plasma flow ~ 0.2 (20% of plasma is filtered) |
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Definition
| what is the filtration fraction? |
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Term
1) prevent passage of RBC's, WBC's, platelets
2) permits passage of water and ions
3) forms ultrafiltrate of blood
4)functions as a size & charge filter: keeps large and (-) charged particles in the plasma |
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Definition
| what are the functions of the glomerular filtration barrier? |
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Term
| heparin sulfate (proteoglycans in the basement membrane) |
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Definition
| why does the glomerular filtration barrier have a strong negative charge? |
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Term
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Definition
| if the GFB gets damaged and loses its negative charge, what happens? |
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Term
| small and (+) charge, cations |
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Definition
| what kind of particals are filtered faster through the glomerular filtration barrier? |
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Term
NFP = glomerular filtration pressure - Bowman's capsule pressure - Golmerular oncotic pressure
in the example 10 = 60 - 32 - 18 |
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Definition
| what is the equation for net filtration pressure? |
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Term
Kf x NFP
Kf = filtration constant ~ 12.5 mL/min/mmHg
NFP = net filtration pressure |
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Definition
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Term
oncotic pressure increases (loss of fluid increases colloid osmotic pressure)
in the example, glomerular pressure stays at 60, but the oncotic pressure goes from 28 to 36 |
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Definition
| why does net filtration pressure decrease along the glomerulus? |
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Term
glomerular hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid out of the capillary
bowman's capsule pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capillary push fluid back in against the hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| what are the starling forces effecting GFR? |
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Term
hydraulic conductivity * surface area
normally not highly variable |
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Definition
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Term
1) chronic HTN
2) obesity/Diabetes mellitus
3) glomerularonephritis |
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Definition
| what diseases can reduce Kf and thus GFR? |
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Term
normally changes as a function of GFR, doesn't regulate GFR, but
1)tubular obstruction via kidney stones and necrosis or
2) urinary tract obstructions such as prostate hypertrophy/cancer |
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Definition
| what can change the bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure (PB)? |
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Term
| Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure (PG) |
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Definition
| what GFR determinant is most subject to physiological control? |
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Term
1) arterial pressure (effect buffered by autoregulation)
2) afferent arteriolar resistance
3) efferent arteriolar resistance |
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Definition
| what influences glomerular hydrostatic pressure? |
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Term
| initially GFR increase even though the overall blood flow decreases, severe constriction decreases GFR |
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Definition
| what happens to GFR if the efferent arteriole is constricted(resistance increases)? |
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Term
| GFR decreases because the glomerular hydrostatic pressure decreases |
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Definition
| what happens to GFR when the affarent arteriole is constricted(resistance increases)? |
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Term
| afferent resistance + efferent resistance |
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Definition
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Term
efferent arteriole: JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus) it does contact the afferent side more though
afferent arteriole: juxtaglomerular cells |
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Definition
| what are the components of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism? |
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Term
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Definition
thickened region of epithelial cells lining the junction of the thick ascending limb of LoH and the DCT.
Has chemoreceptors to detect [Na] in the filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
| surround wall of afferent arteriole and secrete renin, contains baroceptors that detect BP changes |
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Term
1)low GFR decreases distal NaCl delivery
2) this decreases NaCl reabsorbtion by the macula densa (the chemoreceptors get less NaCl)
3) this causes a decreased afferent arteriolar resistance to increase GFR back to normal
there is a negative feedback loop if the GFR gets too high |
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Definition
| how does a low GFR initiate tubuloglomerular feedback? |
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Term
1)if GFR drops, less NaCl is reabsorbed by the macula densa
2) this causes afferent art. dilation & renin production from JGA -> angiotensin 2 -> increase in blood pressure & increase in efferent arteriolar resistance |
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Definition
| how does angiotensin 2 contributes to autoregulation? |
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