Term
| Describe what the RAAS system does in response to lowered blood pressure |
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Definition
1. BP drops
2. JG cells secrete renin
3. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to produce ANG I
4. ACE converts ANG I to ANG II
5. ANG II causes vasoconstriction
6. BP increases |
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Term
| Low blood pressure can lead to ____ heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does ACE come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does renin come from |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does angiotensinogen come from |
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Definition
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Term
| ANG II binds to an ____ receptor to promote vasoconstriction |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe what the RAAS does in response to low blood volume |
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Definition
ANG II promotes aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex
ANG II & aldosterone tell kidneys to increase retention of salt & water
blood volume is increased |
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Term
| ______ leads to heart attacks |
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Definition
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Term
| What would be prescribed to treat chronic high blood pressure? |
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Definition
| ACE inhibitors, which prevent conversion of ANG I to ANG II |
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Term
| Describe what happens with reabsorption |
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Definition
| -Excess K+ in glomerular filtrate is returned to peritubular capillaries, reabsorbed in the PCT & descending loop of henle |
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Term
| Where does resorption of salt & water occur? |
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Definition
65% in the peritubular capillaries of the PCT
20% through descending loop of henle |
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Term
| Does reabsorption occur through PCT cells, or between them? |
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Definition
both!
leaky junctions between cells allows Na+ & K+ through (paracellular)
can also be transported through the cells (transcellular) |
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Term
| _____ is the opposite of reabsorption |
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Definition
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Term
| Is resorption passive or active? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| active transport of substances from peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid |
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Term
| What comes out in the descending loop of henle? What happens to osmolality? |
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Definition
water
increases from 300 to 800 to 1200 |
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Term
| What comes out in the ascending loop of henle? What happens to osmolality? |
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Definition
various salts
decreases from 1200 to 700 to 200 |
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Term
| What is the concentration of blood entering the glomerulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the ascending loop of Henle? |
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Definition
| -salt is actively removed, to decrease osmolality from 1200 to 300 |
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Term
| The ascending loop of Henle is rich in _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The ascending loop of henle is _____ to salt but _____ to water |
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Definition
permeable to salt
impermeable to water |
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Term
| Which has a thicker wall, the ascending or descending loop of henle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the descending loop of henle? |
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Definition
| -water is drawn out, so filtrate concentration increases from 300 to 1200 |
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Term
| The descending loop of Henle is _____ to Na but _____ to water |
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Definition
impermeable to Na
permeable to water |
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Term
| What is the countercurrent multiplier system? |
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Definition
1. NaCl extruded from ascending limb, increases fluid concentration
2. Concentration effect is augmented by passive permeability of descending limb to water |
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Term
| What happens in the collecting ducts? describe the steps |
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Definition
ADH promotes further removal of water from filtrate by osmosis
1. ADH binds to receptor
2. Signals via cAMP pathway
3. AQP2 inserted in apical side of mmb
4. H2O is absorbed by osmosis into the blood |
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Term
| What must be present in order to make urine hyperosmotic (more concentrated than blood)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why doesn't water enter the interstitial fluid dilate the standing gradient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the countercurrent exchange system? |
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Definition
Descending limb of vasa recta has lower solute concentration than the ascending limb
NaCl diffuses from ascending to descending limb, water from descending to ascending
Works in conjunction with loop of henle to take the water that is being removed & added |
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Term
| What prevents backflow of urine from the bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
It is normal to find glucose in the urine |
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Definition
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