Term
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Definition
- using Classical authors/texts to assist Christian moral development and improve human nature/conduct (instead of in the Middle Ages, when they were just to learn more about God)
- eloquence reflects virtue |
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Term
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Definition
| Italy between late 14th c. - 16th c. |
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Term
| What economic factors led Italy (*Florence*) to become the center of the Renaissance? |
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Definition
-wool industry (Florence thrived), investments --> banking --> profits
-merchants in control of gov'ts (supported arts)
-geography (central to trade)
-shipbuilding (profitable advances) |
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Term
| How were Italian political structures different from the feudal system? |
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Definition
-cities have more centralized gov't
-social mobility through rebellion
-communes (associations of free men)
--> political/economic independence from lords
--> wealth ^, new upper class = oligarchs, rule city states
--> lords intermarry = urban merchant elite
--> popolo
--> signori/oligarchies |
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Term
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Definition
-taxed heavily, not represented in gov't
-rebelled, took over Florence --> formed republic (gov't is still exclusive
-couldn't keep control |
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Definition
-post-Popolo rule
-one man rule (Medicis; Cosmo, Lorenzo, etc)
-seemed/looked like a 'Republic' |
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Term
| Why was Italy vulnerable to outside forces? |
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Definition
-not united (strong loyalties to city-states --> constantly shifting alliances
-Hapsbury-Valois Wars (HRE ['Germany', Austria] vs. France) often fought in Italy |
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Definition
| -Milan, Florence, Venice, Papal States, Naples |
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Definition
| full development of one's personal abilities/uniqueness (not about humility) |
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Definition
-focused on material world/enjoying life
-less religious basis |
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Term
| How were art and power connected? |
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Definition
-art = symbol of wealth
-nobility/elite invested in art
-artists could gain status/wealth
-artistic genius = intellectual, makes you divine |
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Term
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Definition
The Arnolfini Marriage - 1434
Van Eycke
- commissioned by wealthy banker
- Christian references
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Term
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Definition
Church of San Lorenzo - 1419 -->
Brunelleschi
- commissioned by Medicis
- mathematical, proportional, symmetry
- Corinthian columns
- well lit
- ORDER/HARMONY
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Term
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Definition
David - 1430
Donatello
- contraposto
- detailed
- neo-platonism: ideal beauty, perfect form
- for Medicis
- 1st freestanding nude since Classical times
- David = religious, patriotic to Florence
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Term
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Definition
David - 1501
Michelangelo
- in public courtyard
- disproportional (idealized?)
- contraposto
- immediatly post-Savonarola
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Term
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Definition
Dome of the Cathedeal - 1420-36
Brunelleschi
- double shell, hidden buttresses
- architecturally innovative
- based of Roman architecture
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Term
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Definition
East Door of the Baptistry
Ghiberti
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Term
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Definition
The Garden of Earthly Delights - 1500
Bosche
- from the Netherlands
- chaotic, fantastical
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Term
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Definition
Lady With an Ermine - 1483-90
da Vinci
- oil on wood
- chiaro scuro
- posed naturally, looking away from viewer
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Term
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Definition
Madonna Enthroned - 1310
Giotto
- tempera on wood
- ^^medieval influence
- ^^symmetry
- beginnings of persepctive
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Term
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Definition
Madonna with Canon Van der Paele - 1436
van Eyck
- photograph-like
- vibrant color
- OIL!
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Term
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Definition
Example of Medieval Architecture/Sculpture
- gothic style: long arches, spires, arched windows, rose windows, asymmetrical, flying buttresses, high vaults
- sculpture: expressionless, stiff, undefinined, unrealistic drapery
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Term
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Definition
Sacrifice of Isaac - 1401
Brunelleschi
- bronxe relief
- for a guild's competition (he lost)
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Term
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Definition
Sacrifice of Isaac - 1401
Ghiberti
- bronze relief
- won the competition
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Term
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Definition
The School of Athens - 1509
Rafael
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Term
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Definition
Self Portrait in a Fur Collared Robe
Durer
- from HRE
- clear light source
- looking straight at viewer
- striking details
- intimidating expression, fur = status symbol
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Term
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Definition
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo |
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Term
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Definition
The Tribute Money - 1426-27
Masaccio
- contraposto
- geometrical
- one point perspective
- light source
- still not totally natural
- halos!
- all subjects have individual characteristics
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Term
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Definition
Expulsion From the Garden of Eden - 1426-27)
Masaccio
- in Florence
- dramatic, 'caught in the moment'
- expression, personality, natural look
- transition piece into renaissance art
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Term
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Definition
| light and shadow (use of light source) |
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Term
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Definition
-wrote The Book of the Courtier
-ideal qualities of courtier: athlete, strong soldier, educated, eloquent, loyal to prince, noble born, "Renaissance Man" (well rounded, multi-talented) |
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Term
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Definition
-common during renaissance
-primary sources: court docs, laws, etc
-reasons: male bomding, exchange for favors/gifts, way to rise in status |
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Term
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Definition
| on patrol for homosexuals in renaissance florence |
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Term
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Definition
-1st customers = church (Bible)
-spreads to urban middle class -> ^books, ^literacy
-^^propaganda (politicians, churches)
-^^record keeping, efficient business
-sense of int'l community
-porn |
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Term
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Definition
| -adapted Arab paper/chinese presses in 1455 |
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Term
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Definition
-aided by printing press
=made politics more accessible to middle class -> political parties (eventually) |
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Term
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Definition
-study of words
-printing press -> better copies of classical corrected texts -> standard texts |
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Term
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Definition
-wrote 'On the False Donation of Constantine' (1444)
-found that 8th c. document giving the papacy territory in W. Euro was forged -> Church looks bad
-author of 'On Pleasure'; defends pleasure of senses |
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Term
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Definition
-status of upper class women declined
-education improved for upper class, but was intended to help women run the house better
-rape by upper class men was common and not considered serious |
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Term
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Definition
-chinese: huge mechanical clocks
-Pope Sylvester (Gerbert): 1st mechainzed clock in Europe (999)
-urbanization -> ^^^clocks/bells |
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Term
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Definition
| -stronger focus on Christian texts |
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Term
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Definition
-English humanist
-utopia: literally 'no place', his version = universal education w/ christian texts, no $ or greed, time to work, play, and learn, no classes, no war |
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Term
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Definition
-good Christians must be educated in Bible and Classics
-"Philosophy of Christ"
-made new bible |
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Term
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Definition
-anyone can live like Christ did and reach salvation
-need literacy and reliable texts -> Erasmus' Bible |
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Term
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Definition
-author of the Prince
-often considered cynical/disturbing
-secretary of Florentine republic
-put in prison/tortured by Medicis for being part of the Republican gov't -> wrote Prince after his release |
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Term
| 'age of assassination' refers to... |
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Definition
-competition between Italian city states
-division within city states (controlled by wealthy capitalist families) -> competition, political cunning, shrewd marriages, alliances |
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Term
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Definition
-written 1513
-published 1532
-describes Machiavelli's ideal Renaissance Prince:
->should do bad things if it's for the greater good
->should organize a state that survives after its prince dies
->better to be feared than loved (ideal to be both) |
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Term
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Definition
-not officially prince of florence
-1389-1464
-patron to the arts -> Florence's "Golden Age"
-put medici crest everywhere
-cooperation rewarded, disloyalty punished |
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Term
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Definition
-'ruler' during high Renaissance, became gov't official at 20
-major patron of the arts
-survived attempted assassination by Pozzi family -> gained public support
-tried to convince public that HE (not other families) could keep them from oppression
-->financed public spectacles
-->diffused rivalries between Florentine neighborhoods
-died @ 44, Florence overrun by foreign princes |
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Term
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Definition
-competed w/ Medicis
-Cosimo wanted to unite the families by marriage, Pozzis didn't
-tried to assassinate Lorenzo in 1478, killed his brother instead, ended up getting pop. support for Medicis |
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Term
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Definition
-1554-1598
-son of Charles V, king of Spain, inherited some of HRE as well
-married Mary I of England (political, strengthen Catholic presence in Europe)
-'Golden Age' of Spain - "true Renaissance Prince"
-extremely religious -> wanted Spain to be 'Great defender of the faith'
-didn't like to mix with his subjects
-executed opposition |
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Term
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Definition
-1533-1603
-very popular, 'master politician', great PR
->keep loyalty through love
-rejected Catholicism and proposal of Phillip II
-appealed directly to the people, united them
-had strict laws about how people depicted her
- |
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Term
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Definition
-took control of France in 1494 after French invasion
-backlash against Renaissance materialism/moral decay -> insane, burned books, etc
-got kicked out, burned @ stake in 1498 |
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Term
| resurgence of Florentine Republic |
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Definition
-post-Savonarola
-republic restored |
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Term
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Definition
-son of Pope Alexander VI
-Duke of Valentinos
-cruel/vicious -> earned praise in The Prince
-invaded central italy -> kicket out by Pope Julius II |
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Term
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Definition
-attacked Florence, fought against French invasion of Italy/Borgia, put Medicis back in power
-commissioned St. Peter's basilica |
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Term
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Definition
| Charles V invaded/sacked Rome in 1520s --> end of Renaissance |
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Term
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Definition
-'Father of the Renaissance'
-thought first 2 centuries of the Roman Empire = peak of human civilisation
-wrote sonnets (Rime of Sparse)
-considered middle ages = dark ages |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote "On the Dignity of Man" which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish. |
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Term
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Definition
-great, extremely wealthy banking family in 15th c.
-ruled Florence from behing the scenes |
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Term
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Definition
-"On Painting", "On Architecture"
-demonstrates individualism |
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Term
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Definition
| King of Spain whose conquest of Rome in 1527 symbolized the end of the Italian Renaissance |
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Term
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Definition
-first to use term 'humanism'; civic humanist
-wrote a history of florence
-author of 'Funeral Oration' (praise of Florence, political propaganda supporting Florentine republic, Greek/Athenian influences [Pericles' Funeral Oration]) |
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Term
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Definition
-conglomerate of disunited Spanish kingdoms
-Ferdinand and Isabella -> Spain Christianized, reconquista continued, Spain ~united~ |
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Term
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Definition
-15th c.: feudal lords controlled royal council/Parliament
->War of the Roses (1455-1471): houses of York and Lancaster = civil war -> hurt trade, agriculture, industry
-Edward VI -> restored royal power, avoided war, reduced reliance on Parliament for $
-Parliament = power center for aristocracy
-Henry VII -> made Parliament his tool, checked aristocratic power, got support of upper middle class |
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Term
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Definition
-Charles VII -> recovery, end of civil war
-Church became subordinate to state
-Louis XI -> state expanded, laid foundations for absolutism |
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Term
| Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain |
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Definition
-'new monarchs'
-marriage = last major step in Christianizing Spain
-Spain = loose confederation of separate states
-hermandades = 'justice system',
-church strengthened royal authority
-used renewed reconquista to unite Spain |
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Term
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Definition
-'new Christians'
-Jewish people who converted to new Christians
-persecuted/mistrusted -> people afraid they were going to take office, also scapegoat for black death
-Ferdinand and Isabella revived Inquisition to kick them out --> unify Spain |
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Term
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Definition
-brotherhoods/local police
-ended in 1498 b/c of excessive brutality |
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Term
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Definition
| -Ferdinand and Isabella took/Christianized Granada as part of the Reconquistas |
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Term
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Definition
-wars between Habsburgs (Austria, 'Germany') and Valois (French)
-Italy = battleground, got screwed |
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Term
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Definition
| -believed that all common people should read the Bible |
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Term
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Definition
| -author of 'Gargantua and Pantagruel' (great comic masterpiece, satire on French society) |
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Term
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Definition
-'New monarch'
-"spider king"
-sly, used good timing
-boosted economy by subsidizing silk, inviting foreign craftsmen, etc.
-improved the army
-reduced aristocratic power -> laid foundations for absolutism |
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Term
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Definition
-'new monarch'
-Star chamber -> Roman law
-restructured Royal Council -> more middle class involvement -> got support of upper middle class (also supported their interest in $/trade/stability)
-policy=diplomacy (b/c England and no standing army and he didn't want to go through Parliament) |
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Term
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Definition
-Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges -> can appoint his own bishops
-remodeled army
-'taille' and 'gabelle' (land and salt taxes) |
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Term
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Definition
-more Christian than Italy's
-stressed social reform based on Christian ideals
-wanted to create a perfect world based on Christian and classical texts/cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| -centuries-long attempt to unite Spain/expel Muslims and Jews |
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