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| head of the Medici family, let the family to the peak of their power in Florence |
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| City states in northern Italy were run as signorias - controlled by powerful merchants |
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| Grandson of Cosimo de Medici, patron of the arts in Florence, life coincided with the Golden Age of Florence |
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| driving force behind the renaissance, emphasized Greco-Roman culture, revival of antiqutiy, valued individual and group equally |
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| study of humanities which entails the branches of knowledge that investigate human beings, their cultures, languages, and methods of creative expression |
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| first to use the term Humanism, emphasized civic humanism, wrote History of the Florentine People - the first modern history |
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| "The Father of Humanism" first humanist writer, wrote il Conziere |
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| Letters to the Ancient Dead |
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| Petrarch's writings to the ancient authors commenting on their work and relating their work to his own time |
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| Roman philosopher, linguist, translator and constitutionalist, introduced the Romans to Greek philosophy, created a Latin philosophical vocabulary |
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| Italian poet, writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher. Wrote The Divine Comedy |
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| wrote The Courtier - perhaps the most important work on renaissance education, set out the qualifications required to become a renaissance man |
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| Renaissance author, wrote Decameron - 100 tales of social situations of his time |
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| author of several important historical and literary works including biography of King Charles V of France and The Book of Three Virtues, a manual of education for women |
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| Italian educator whose treatises on humanistic education greatly influenced educational methods and curriculum in Renaissance Italy, composed De ingenuis moribus et liberalibus studiis (On Noble Customs and Liberal Studies of Adolescents) |
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| 1453 city fell to Ottomans, little military or economic effect on Europe and the Middle East |
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| 15th Century discussion and philosophy group in Florence, centered around Plato's philosophy, group translated all of Plato's works, Enneads of Plotinus, various Neoplatonic works |
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| expert on Latin, wrote Elegances of the latin Language in 1444, On the False Donation of Constantine in 1444, found mistranslations in the Vulgate translation of the Bible |
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| idea that one should give back to his city by sharing his knowledge, skills, and talents |
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| Italian historian, wrote The Prince in 1513, Discourses on Livy in 1517 |
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| most celebrated Florentine painter of his age (1267 - 1337) famous for solid bodies, expression of human emotion, suggestion of landscape |
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| Florentine-born artist, skilled at recreating lifelike figures and movements and convincing sense of three-dimensionality, painted Expulsion of Adam and Eve 1428 |
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| Florentine sculptor, imitated Romans, sculpted David (1432) |
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| Florentine artist, scholar, philosopher, engineer, botanist, writer, genius. Known for Mona Lisa (1505), Last Supper, ground-breaking discoveries in the fields of biology, engineering |
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| Florentine painter, poet, architect, sculptor. Famous works include David, The Creation of Adam, Pieta, Sistine Chapel Cieling |
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| painter, architect of the High Renaissance. work showed clarity of form, ease of composition, Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Works include School of Athens, Resurrection of Christ, Sapsimo |
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| peace agreement between Milan, Naples, Florence, signed April 9, 1454, established boundaries between Milanese and Ventian territories in Northern Italy, established a balance of power |
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| King of France from 1483 - 1498, intervention in Italy initiated the long series of Italian Wars, invasion into Italy in 1494 led to expulsion of the Medici family from Florence |
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| Monk who came to power as leader of Florence during First Italian wars, tried to appease the French but was overthrown and burned at the stake |
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| King of France 1498 - 1515, pursued a very active foreign policy, secured Milan as an Italian stronghold for twelve years |
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| pope from 1492 - 1503, controversial Renaissance pope, notorious for involvement in the Banquet of Chestnuts 1501 |
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| The Warrior Pope, pope from 1503 - 1513, papacy marked by foreign policy that included attachement to the Roman nobility, invasion of the Republic of Venice, founding of the Swiss Guard for personal protection |
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| King of France from 1515 - 1547, France's original Renaissance monarch, military rival and opponent of Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and Henry VII (English King) |
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| Pope from 1523 - 1524, refused Henry VIII of England's request for a divorce |
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| Pope 1513 - 1521, of the Medici family, known for granting indulgences for those donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica, challenging Luther's 95 Theses |
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| King of France from 1461 to 1483, united France and laid the foundations of a strong monarchy |
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| King and Queen of Spain, answered to the pope, called for the expulsion of all Moors, Jews from Spain, killed non-Catholics who would not convert or leave in the 1480s and 1490s |
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| 1455 - 1485 A series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England between The House of York and House of Lancaster, resulted in the founding of the Tudor dynasty |
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| King of England from 1483 1485, last king of the House of York, death and defeat at the Battle of Bosworth were the decisive events of the War of Roses |
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| King of England from 1509 - 1547, married six times total, disagreement over divorce from Catherine of Aragon with Pope Clement VII lead to separation from the Catholic church and establishment of the Church of England |
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| Parliament of the North German Confederation from 1867 to 1870 and of the German Reich from 1871 to 1945 |
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| invented ca. 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg |
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| Dutch Renaissance humanist, priest, teacher, proponent of religious toleration, wrote In Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus |
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| essay written in 1509 by Desidarius Erasmus, considered to be a catalyst of the Protestant Reformation |
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| Humanist of the northern Low Countries, father of Northern European Humanism |
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| ideal community or society possessing the perfect socio-politico-legal system as explained by Thomas More in Utopia (1516) |
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