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| The settlers from Greece and Persia who entered the Indus Valley prior to 1000 BCE. These “noble” people expressed their evolving religion in the hymns of the Rig-Veda. |
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| The essence of Brahman that is present in individuals. The universal self. |
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| Part of the Mahabharata; 700 verses presenting a variety of options for those who would find release from rebirth. (Setting: battlefield. Arjuna protests to his driver, the god Krishna in human disguise, that he’d rather be killed than kill his cousins arrayed against him. Lord Krishna reminds Arjuna that as a member of the Kshatriya caste, it is his duty to fight to bring good out of a bad situation. |
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| Personal devotion to a deity. The path of love leading to salvation. |
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| Creator deity. Shiva and Vishnu join him as manifestations of Brahman, the Absolute. |
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| Name of the highest deity, the Absolute. Brahman is the deity that pervades everything. |
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| The name of the highest priestly caste. (Priests became more important than Kshtriya.) |
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| The permanent social group in which one is born. One’s social and religious obligations are determined for a lifetime by caste. |
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| The Law or Way. One’s support. Religious duty or merit. (see Buddhist meaning) |
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| Dark-skinned natives of southern India. Different from light-skinned Aryans. |
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| Teacher of religious duties. For a student, the guru represents the divine |
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| A belief that affirms one deity without denying the existence of others. |
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| Jnana means knowledge or wisdom. The Hindu path/yoga based on intellectual knowledge, rational understanding. |
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| A period of the created world, or a day of Brahman. One world ends and a new period begins with another creation. |
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| An incarnation of Vishnu, also the chariot driver of warrior Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita. |
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| The law that one’s thoughts and deeds are followed eventually by deserved pleasure or pain. An explanation for caste. (compare to Buddhist understanding). |
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| Appearance or illusion; power of creation!! (How put these two meanings together??) |
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| A long epic poem featuring activities of the god Krishna. |
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| Release of the soul from a cycle of rebirths. It is one of the four acceptable goals of life. |
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| The soul leaving one body at death and being reborn in a new body. In Hinduism, the soul remains essentially the same. |
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| Release of the soul from the body so it can unite with Brahman. |
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| Concept of the wheel of rebirth that turns round forever. Souls are reborn until perfect. |
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| The Auspicious, ultimate Lord. The destroyer. |
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| Religious treatises for developing latent powers. Dialogues between Shiva and Shakti. |
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| Shudra, who is considered by upper castes to be too impure to allow physical contact. Legally abolished…as slavery was legally abolished, but habits, customs linger… |
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| Last of the Veda (literally, “sitting close to”; as student sitting close to master to learn). |
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| Color. It was once associated with caste |
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| Knowledge or wisdom. Scriptures of the Hindus. |
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| The supreme Lord, the Preserver. |
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| “Yoke” or path of discipline in Hinduism. Four disciplines lead to release from rebirth. |
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| the yoke of work, whose motivation should be duty. |
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| the yoke of knowledge, i.e., internaalize the masters’ lessons: especially, learn renunciation leads to release from samsara (wheel of rebirth). |
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| the yoke of disciplining the body and mind through correct postures and breathing. |
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| union with God through love. Hindus see Christianity as such! |
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| A person who has qualified to enter Nirvana, but who, out of compassion, remains available to help others; a person progressing to become a Buddha. |
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| leader of millions of Tibetan Buddhists. |
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| Law. Religion. It can be law of the universe or law or tradition taught by Buddha,. |
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Suffering of humans and other sentient beings.
1st noble truth |
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ring. As Second Noble Truth, cause of suffering.
2nd noble truth |
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| Get rid of Tanha, craving |
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| the path of deliverance (right: view, aim, speech, action, living, effort, mindfulness, concentration) |
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| Happiness; opposite of Dukkha. |
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| Primarily psychological - recall, in Hinduism: one’s thoughts and deeds are followed by deserved pleasure or pain. |
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| A problem used by Zen Buddhists to reduce dependence on ordinary ways of thinking about self and the universe. (E.g., what’s the sound of clapping with one hand?) |
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| Branch of Buddhism that believes that one can be helped by many Bodhisattvas. It is contrasted with Theravadins, the more conservative “way of the Elders”, ascetic, reclusive. |
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| It means circle. Geometric pattern used in worship. |
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| Special formula of words recited in worship. Mantras can be humns. |
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| Behavior between the two extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification. |
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| Means “blown out”, like a candle. The state of being free from egocentrism and the suffering that it causes. Also, means joy and peace. |
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| Buddhist monastic order; accepted both monks and nuns. Can also be used of the laity. |
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| The conservatives. “Doctrine of the Elders”: regard Buddha as a man. Contrast with Mahayana. |
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| Japanese sect or school (in China, called “chan”) |
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| universal interdependence (Jain theory of reality) |
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| Non-violence (unconditional compassion) |
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| Lord Adinath, Lord Parshawanath, Lord Mahavira |
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| three important Siddha or Trithankars) |
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| a being who has attained liberation (everyone has the potential to be liberated) |
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| Right faith, knowledge, and conduct. |
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| Four arms of the Swastika |
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| Hellish life, animal life, human life, heavenly life. |
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An ancient book of China that assists one in planning one’s life
according to the forces of the universe |
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| The path, course, or way of the universe. Although its influence is in nature, the eternal Dao is hidden from empirical experience. |
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| followers of a philosophy or religion expressed in the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching), book attributed to Laotzu (Laozi), a sage. |
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| Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) |
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| Way and Its Power: book attributed to Laozi. |
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| sage of China believed to have authored the Dao De Jing. Founder of Daoism. |
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| In China: three persons: Jade Emperor, Laotzu and Ling Pao |
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| Daoist principle of accomplishing tasks without exerting oneself. The individual, in harmony with the flow of the Dao, can accomplish more than an individual who asserts him/herself. |
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| YANG: In china, the male side of the Dao. Exemplified in bright, warm and dry conditions. YIN: the female side of the Dao. Dark, cool, moist conditions. RECALL THE SYMBOL: some of the Yang is in the Yin; some of the Yin in the Yang |
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| In Daoism, the god of the stove, essential to Daoist alchemists who had a heyday as in alchemists in Europe. Hence, popular association of health cures! |
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| (d.479): Founder of Confucianism. Primarily a teacher. He sought to develop good government through a responsible ruler and ethical people. |
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| legalist school that said governance is by reward and punishment (why know this? To know China had theories of government not-unlike Western authoritarianism.) |
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| mythical emperor of ancient China from whom a 10th century emperor (Chen Tsung) claimed to have received revelation. Symbol of purity. |
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| in Confucianism, the gentleman or superior man; role model for the people. |
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| Confucian principle of righteousness. Li can refer to ritual and to correct conduct in society. |
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| disciple of Confucius who emphasized the inborn goodness of humans. |
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| followers of MoTzu who advocated curing society’s ills by practicing mutual love among peoples. Confucian not love of enemies. |
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| In Confucianism: the deep empathy or compassion for other humans. CARING! |
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| reciprocity: GOLDEN RULE: treat others as one wants to be treated. |
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| In Confucianism, the mandate of heaven. Emperor Zhou claimed to rule successfully because they followed the mandate of heaven…KIND OF JEWISH COVENANT, NO?! |
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| (Understand with Li) In Confucianism, internalized li or righteousness. Yi is Li as it has become a part of an individual’s conduct. -Individual transformation? |
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| (a Western thinker!): (d. 230 b.c.e.): believed humans are born evil and must be taught |
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| In Confucianism, the doctrine of the constant mean, the path between extremes of conduct. Confucius taught that a superior man avoids excesses in his conduct. In medias res, moderation of Aristotle, Middle Way of Buddha!!!! |
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| The exchange between a student and a teacher. Someone asking a question and someone giving an answer. Often urged a sudden awakening |
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| sitting or seated meditation. |
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| the self-- translated as empty-- a way to describe the self-- zens attempt to be honest. You are a collection of energies that differ every day. |
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| the land of the rising sun |
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| Formal gate to a shrine, to sacred space. |
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| “male who invites”, co-creator of Japan with Izanami of Japan |
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| “female who invites”, co-creator of Japan with Izanangi |
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| Goddess of the sun, creed by Izanani. |
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| First human emperor, descendant of the gods. |
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| Prince who supported the establishment of Buddhism in Japan. |
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| Code of Honor for warriors, esp Samurai, a feudal military class. |
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| Ritual suicide to restore/preserve one’s honor. Act of bravery, not cowardice. |
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| Military ruler serving under emperor. |
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| in homes, center of symbols honoring the kami. |
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