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| dispersion of people, in this class specifically Jewish people. |
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| Assyrian and Babylonian Captives |
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Assyrian Captivity - Assyrian conquest of Israel (722-720BCE)
Babylonian Captivity - Babylonian Conquest of Jerusalem (~598 BCE) |
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| First Persian Empire, Conquered Babylon in 539 BCE by Cyrus |
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| Began after 538BCE with restoration of Jerusalem and the building of the second temple. |
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| proclomation, by Cyrus, that the Lord had appointed him to build a temple in Jerusalem. |
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| Second Isaiah, in these texts Cyrus is presented as an agent of god (possible "Persian Propoganda") |
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| artifact which describes how Marduk, impressed with Cyrus's character, ordered him into Babylon - which he entered without a fight and saved from hardship. |
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| prominent religion in the Achaemenid Empire. characterized by dualist cosmology of good and evil. |
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| supreme deity of Zoroastrianism |
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| papyri leaves (which were used to write on) found on the islan of Elephantine containing writings from Jewish mercenaries stationed there. |
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| lingua franca of the Achaemenid and preceeding empires. Language written on many elephantine papyri |
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| common language used by people with different mother tongues |
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| observance detailed in the "passover Papyrus" from Elephantine. A jewish pilgrimage festival celebrating the liberation of Israelites from slavery in ancient Egypt. |
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| a province of the Achaemenid empire, largely autonomous, which under Cyrus was rebuilt as a Jewish homeland. |
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| holiday serving as both a harvest festival and as a commemoration of the 40 years the Isrealites wandered the desert after their Exodus from Egypt. |
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| conqueror of the Achaemenid Empire and founder of Alexendria in Egypt (and its subsequent library). After he died his kingdom was split amongst his generals |
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| dissemination of Greek culture |
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| lingua franca during the Hellenistic period, replacing aramaic as the language of governance |
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| Judah was ruled by the Ptolemaic kingdom until 200BC, first historical evidence of synagogues appear here in 3rd century BCE |
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| replaced Ptolemaic kingdom's rule after 200 BCE after its conquest by Antiochus III |
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| Hellenized Jewish philosopher known for synthesizing Jewish teachings with Greek philosophy. |
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| Allegorical Interpretation |
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| representation where one thing "stands for" something else |
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| earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (legend describes the 72 elders coming to translate the Torah & all arriving at the same translation) |
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| manuscripts found in 1940s + 1950s in Qumran Caves. Represent oldest extant biblical manuscripts and include all books except Esther. |
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| small ethnoreligious group of the Levant; consider themselves the true Israelites. animosity between Jews and Samaritans |
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| war between the Jews of Judea and their Seleucid empire, it resulted in autonomous Jewish rule under the Hasmonean Kingdom (1 and 2 Maccabees) |
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| period of autonomous Jewish rule (140-37 BCE); ended when the romans took de facto rule of Judea |
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| Jewish Festival that commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple following the Maccabean Revolt |
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| study of the past through texts, how they were written, what they were written on, style, context, etc. |
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| area defined in historical literature encompassing all of Palestine and Syria and other areas, identified as the land promised to the Israelites by God |
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| giant stone slab; earliest independent historical evidence of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah |
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| type of writing system, done by pressing into soft clay tablets leaving wedge-shaped impressions |
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| texts discovered in 1920s during excavations at Ugarit in Syria, contains epic poems most famous of which is the Baal Cylce |
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| belief that "there is only one God" |
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| belief that "many different gods exist, but we only worship one of them" |
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| period around ~ 598 BCE after the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem - imperial policy of population resettlement |
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| First five books of the Hebrew Bible |
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| Greek word for "five scrolls" - first five books of the Hebrew Bible as translated in its entirety in Koine Greek |
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| traditional ascription of the authorship of the Torah to Moses |
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| proposition that the first five books of the Torah were compilations and edits from four different sources (J, E, D, and P) |
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| Temple in Jerusalem that King Herod rebuilt and expanded during his reign |
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| ruling counsel in Jerusalem over which King Herod kept control when the Romans intervened in Judean affairs in 63 BC |
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| Three Pilgrimage festivals |
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| (Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot) |
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| Jewish political movement in Judea during First Jewish Roman War; "zeal" for God and passionate opposition to Roman rule |
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| "my master" term of respect for sages and learned scholars of Jewish law/ tradition |
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| practice of avoiding or prohibiting the use of images or icons of deities (rooted in belief that the divine cannot be represented in physical form) |
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| form of Judaism formed in the wake of the Second Temple's destruction and was led by rabbis |
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| foundational text of rabbinic Judaism, compilation of legal traditions attributed to sages after the Second Temple destruction |
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| collective body of Jewish religious law derived from the Torah and rabbinic tradition |
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| rabbinic commentaries on the Torah |
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| commentary on the Mishnah, drawn from oral tradition. |
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| Aramaic traditions of the Hebrew Bible |
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| hierarchical academies where Babylonian rabbinic activity was more organized. |
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| group of scribes based in Tiberias who established an authoritative text of the Hebrew Bible |
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| authoritative text of the Hebrew Bible established by the Masoretes |
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| writing of Christians of a city to Umar, massively restricting the future of their religion in the city and their overall presence/ representation |
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| "Protected person" - religious minority in an Islamic state |
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| Jewish movement that emerged in 8th C., believe that the law can only be derived from the Tanakh. |
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| Arabic name for Muslim Spain, became a center of Jewish culture in the 10th and 11th century as Babylon declined in importance. |
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| "Scholasticism and rational theology, based on deductive logic;" influenced Maimonides |
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| mystical thought which posits that existence emirates from a pure "first principle" |
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| Jews descended from families from medieval Spain; first to be granted political equality in France during French revolution |
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| medieval Jews within Northern Europe and Germany |
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| a Jewish quarter. Place where Jews were restricted to live, mostly in Northern Europe in Middle Ages |
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| centuries long period in which Christian kingdoms in medieval Spain and Portugal sought to recapture the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule |
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| order of expulsion (in 1942) of all Jews from the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon |
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| antisemitic violence and expulsions |
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| claim that Jews abducted children and used their blood in religious rituals |
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| Jewish person in Spain/ Portugal who converted to Catholicism |
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| intellectual movement where Christian scholars turned to the study of Hebrew |
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| figure of the Ottoman empire who was revealed as the Messiah by Nathan of Gaza; arrested and forced to convert to Islam in front of the Ottoman Sultan |
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| followers of Shabbati Zvi who converted to Islam with him |
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| intellectual movement that took place in the 17th + 18th c. focused on reason and human progress |
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| Jewish Enlightenment, intellectual movement influenced by the broader enlightenment |
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| followers of the Haskalah (Jewish enlightenment) |
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| prominent Jewish writer, important figure in Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) |
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| charismatic religious revival based on mystical teachings and practices of an elite group of Torah Scholars - catalyzed by death of Ba'al Shem Tov |
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| "Master of the name" associated with the emergence of Hasidism |
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| assembly of Jewish Notables convened by Napolean who posed specific questions regarding their practices, law and loyalty to the state. |
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| Wissenschaft des Judentums |
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| "Scientific study of Judaism" |
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| reform movement that aimed to reconcile Judaism with modern sensibilities and Enlightenment universalism |
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| barrier separating men and women in synagogues, removed as part of Reform Judaism |
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| concept of reform Judaism which asserts that God reveals his will through reason (implying that earlier Jewish Law may no longer be binding) |
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| embraces modernity while respecting the traditional Jewish Law. |
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| "way of the land" describes ways of earning a livelihood and maintaining the social order. |
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| belief/ actions which imagine Jews as a "physiologically and psychologically distinct race;" often as "seeking to control the world." |
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| prejudice, discrimination and hostility directed against Jews and Jewish religion |
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| area within Russian empire where Jews were permitted to live |
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| instances of anti-Jewish violence in Russia (often because Jewish people are blamed for the world's problems, Black Death, assassination Tsar Alexander II) |
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| Germanic language with Hebrew elements spoken by Jews in the Russian pale of Settlement |
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| Prototocols of the Elders of Zion |
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Definition
| antisemitic forgery that purports to be the minutes of a meeting of Jewish leaders plotting world domination - most likely propaganda. |
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| Dreyfus, a French-Jewish officer was wrongly convicted of passing military secrets to Germany |
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| advocacy for a Jewish Homeland |
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| "Love of Zion" movement founded in 1881 in response to anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia |
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| process by which a person or a group from a minority culture gradually adopts the customs, values and practices of the dominant culture |
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| legislation passed in 1935 in Nazi Germany which forbade intermarriage, revoked Jewish citizenship and defined who counted as Jewish |
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| "Night of Broken glass" anti-Jewish pogroms in Germany 1938 |
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| refers to the Holocaust, the systematic examination of Jews throughout Nazi-occupied Europe |
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| 1917 announcement of british support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine |
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| large scale migration of Jews from the Muslim world following the First Arab Israeli War in 1948 |
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| affirmation of God's singularity, centerpiece of morning and evening prayer; customary to cover one's eye's while reciting Shema |
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| (Passover/ Feast of Unleavened Bread) festival commemorating the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt |
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| ritual meal that is part of Passover and commemorates the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt |
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| text read during the Seder |
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| "weeks" festival which occurs 7 weeks after the start of Passover. celebrates first grain harvest and commemorates the revelation of the Torah on Mt. Sinai |
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| festival commemorating the wandering of the Israelites in the desert. During this people build sukkah, a hut with a thatched roof. |
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| Jewish dietary law, food which meets the standard is called kosher - restricts certain types of food, animal slaughtered by unacceptable methods and mixing certain foods |
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| day of rest on the seventh day of the week, begins on Friday until nightfall on Saturday |
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| forms of work prohibited on the Sabbath |
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| circumcision, ceremoniously performed on the 8th day of birth |
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| rite of passage making a person's entrance into religious adulthood and responsibility to uphold the Torah's commandments |
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| "being called up to the Torah to read, often as part of a Bar Mitzvah" |
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| 10 day period of repentance that occur between Jewish New year and Yom Kippur. |
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| ram's horn which serves as a "wake up call" during the High Holidays |
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| an atonement ritual performed at a body of natural, flowing water. |
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