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| In Jewish tradition, the second part of the Prophets, comprising the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel and the book of the Twelve (Minor Prophets). |
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| In modern scholarship, the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, so called because of their relative length compared to the shorter books of the Minor Prophets. In Christian tradition, the books of Lamentations and Daniel have often been included under this heading. |
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| In modern scholarship, the twelve shorter prophetic books, from Hosea through Malachi. |
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| In Jewish tradition, the second of the three parts of the Hebrew Bible, comprising the books of Joshua to 2 Kings and Isaiah to Malachi. |
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| A word of Greek origin meaning "Spokesperson." The prophets were believed to be recipients of direct communications from God. Sayings of and stories about many of the prophets are found in the part of the Bible known as Prophets |
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| A genre used by the prophets in which Israel was put on trial by Yahweh for having violated its covenant with him. |
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| A phrase used by the prophets , to describe YHWH's fighting against his enemies. In apocalyptic literature, it is used of the final battle between good and evil. |
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| Oracle Against the Nations |
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| A genre used by the prophets and in apocalyptic literature to describe YHWH's judgement on foreign nations |
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| In modern scholarship, the parts of Isaiah 1-39 that are associated with the eighth-century BCE prophet Isaiah. |
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| In modern scholarship, chapters 40-55 of the book of Isaiah, dated to the mid-sixth century BCE. Also called Deutero-Isaiah. |
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| The attack on Judah and Jerusalem by the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram in 734 BCe, in an attempt to force the king of Judah, Ahaz, to join in an anti-Assyrian alliance. |
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| In modern scholarship, chapters 56-66 of the book of Isaiah, dating to the late sixth or early fifth century BCE. Also called Trito-Isaiah. |
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| A major city in northern Israel that because of its strategic location was the site of many battles. In apocalyptic literature, it can be called Armageddon and is the site of the final battle between the forces of good and evil. |
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| In modern scholarship, those parts of the book of Jeremiah in which he laments to God the difficulties he experienced as a prophet. The confessions are in Jeremiah 11.18-12.6, 15.10-21, 17.14-18, 18.18-23, and 20.7-18. |
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| The use or interpretation by a prophet of an ordinary phenomenon as having symbolic meaning. |
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| A text in which the opening letters of successive lines form a word, phrase, or pattern. The acrostics in the Bible are poems in which the first letters of successive lines or stanzas are the letters of the Hebrew alphabet in order. |
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| Literally, scattering or dispersion, used to refer to exiles from Judah to Babylonia in the early sixth century BCE, and subsequently for any Jews living outside of Israel. |
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| A word of Greek origin meaning "gathering together," used of religious assemblies of Jews and the buildings in which such assemblies took place. |
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| In Second Isaiah, a group of four poems that speak of a servant of YHWH. They are Isaiah 42.1-4, 49.1-6, 50.4-11, and 52.13-53.12. |
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| A language originating in ancient Syria that in the second half of the first millennium BCE became used widely throughout the Near East. Parts of the books of Daniel and Ezra were written in Aramaic. |
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| In modern scholarship, chapters 1-8 of the book of Zechariah, dated in substance to the late sixth century BCE. |
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| Chapter 25: The Temple completed in 515 BCE to replace the Temple of Solomon, which had been destroyed by the Babylonians in 586. |
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| A genre of literature in which details concerning the end-time are revealed by a heavenly messenger or angel. |
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| In modern scholarship, chapters 24-27 of the book of Isaiah, an early example of apocalyptic literature, perhaps dating to the fifth century BCE. |
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| In modern scholarship, chapters 9-14 of the book of Zechariah, probably dated to the fifth century BCE. Also called Deutero-Zechariah |
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| In modern scholarship, the term used for the author(s) of the books of Chronicles and, according to some scholars, of the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. |
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| A feature of biblical and other ancient Near Eastern poetry in which one phrase or line is followed by another that is synonymous, contrasting, or climactic. |
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| A short pithy saying, often in poetry. |
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| A type of writing whose focus is human existence and often its relationship to the divine. It employs a wide variety of forms, such as proverbs, dialogue, and fables. Wisdom literature was used widely in the ancient Near East and is found throughout the Bible, especially in the books of Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Sirach, and the Wisdom of Solomon. |
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| The depiction of the quality of wisdom as a goddess who is the companion of YHWH. |
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| A word of Greek origin meaning "divine justice," used with reference to literature that deals with the problem of human suffering, especially the suffering of the innocent. |
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| Ancient manuscripts found in caves on the western side of the Dead Sea beginning in 1948; some are the oldest surviving manuscripts of the books of the Bible, dating as early as the third century BCE. |
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| A Jewish sect of the second and first centuries BC and the first century CE that produced the Dead Sea Scrolls. |
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| The festival commemorating the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem in 164 BC, which had been profaned by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. |
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| The transformation of Near Eastern culture and society by Greek ideas, especially after the conquest of the Near East by Alexander the Great in the late fourth century BCE. |
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| A word of Greek origin originally meaning messenger. In the Bible, these are supernatural beings sent by God to humans. |
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| The festival commemorating the deliverance of the Jews by Esther and Mordecai from the plot of the Persian official Haman. |
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| A phrase that in the Hebrew Bible means human being. In Daniel 7.13, it is used of someone who is given universal rule; the identity of this person is disputed. |
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| Mentioned in Isaiah 7.10-17, is the child of a woman that will be given this name that means "God is with us." Promised that within a few years after the birth of the boy, the land will see great abundance. Highly discussed by modern scholars because of the parallels with Jesus. |
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| Chapter 21: King of Judah that ruled for nearly half a century, longer than any other ruler in the Davidic dynasty, but we have very little documentation. D-peeps considered him the worst of the worst. |
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| Chapter 21: Became king at eight in 640 BCE, documentation of his reign, 2 Kings 22.1-22.30, is almost entirely devoted to his religious reform. |
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| Chapter 21: Found what is suspected to be Deuteronomy in the Temple archives and then began a comprehensive reform. |
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| Chapter 24: The book that details the situation of the exiles in Babylon after the fall of Jerusalem (ch1-2), the early restoration (3-6), and Judah in the fifth century. |
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| Chapter 24: Persian King that crushed Babylon and allowed the exiles to return to Jerusalem |
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| Chapter 24: Clearly stated for the first time in Second Isaiah. |
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| Chapter 29: The site where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found. |
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| Describe the nature of the prophetic books and their arrangement. |
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| Collections of material about and by individual prophets, arranged in rough order of length, longest to shortest, in total called the Latter Prophets. The Major Prophets is the long books and the Minor Prophets is the short ones. |
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| Describe how the Assyrian campaigns against the North were interpreted by Amos and Hosea. |
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| Both saw them as divine punishment for transgressions against God. |
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| What older biblical traditions were used by Amos and Hosea? What is their stance on Israel’s lack of social justice? |
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| Deuteronomic laws. Covenant. Sinful, against God. |
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| Hezekiah is greatly exalted as a good king. Why? |
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| Fidelity to the Deuteronomic Code concerning exclusive and pure worship of YHWH. "Daring nationalist". |
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| Describe Isaiah’s role as an advisor to the kings of Judah. |
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| What are the differences between the biblical and extra-biblical sources concerning the seize of Jerusalem by Sennacherib? Is there any significance for the differences? |
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| Explain Josiah’s reform. How were religion and politics related in the process? |
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| After the fall of Assyria’s empire, how is Judah affected? |
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| Why did the Assyrian empire fail? |
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| Explain the connections Jeremiah has with the Deuteronomic School. |
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| How does Jeremiah interpret the events that lead to Jerusalem’s destruction? |
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| Can biographical information be gleaned about a historical Jeremiah from the text? |
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| Describe the state of Judah’s inhabitants after the exile. How are their sentiments in Lamentations conveyed |
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| Describe the deportees’ reaction to the fall and their own exile described in Psalm 137? |
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| How does Ezekiel interpret the fall and exile and what does he predict for the future? |
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| Why did the Persians’ attitudes toward conquered people differ from the Babylonians’? |
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| How does the P Source deal with problems that arrive after the fall and the exile? |
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| How did the D historians change their work to fit the context of the Exile? |
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| After the return from exile, what was the relationship between the exiles and the inhabitants that had remained in Judah? |
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| What was important about rebuilding the Temple? Was there conflict? |
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| What was the state of leadership during the restoration? |
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| How did the Davidic Covenant continue to play a role? |
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| Discuss the main themes and issues of Ezra and Nehemiah. |
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| What tensions existed between the various groups during Persian rule? |
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| How did Apocalyptic literature develop and what are its characteristics? |
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| What sources were used for Chronicles and how were they used? |
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| Compare and Contrast the views of the Chronicler with the D Historians. How did their views differ? |
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| Describe the book of Psalms and its principle genres. How were the psalms used and how did the act of using them preserve them? |
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| Describe wisdom literature in the Bible and how it compares to other sources of wisdom in Near Eastern literature. |
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| What was the function of proverbs in Israel? |
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| What is the central issue in Job and what is the issue resolved in the end? |
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| Describe the issues of Ecclesiastes and how the writer resolves them. |
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| How do Job and Ecclesiastes drastically differ from other biblical traditions? Are there any similarities with other biblical traditions? |
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| How did Hellenization affect Judaism during the second and first centuries BCE? |
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| Why did the Maccabees revolt? Did they succeed? If so, to what extent? |
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| Compare the themes and the interpretation of biblical history in the works of The Wisdom of Solomon and The Wisdom of Ben Sira. |
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| What was the purpose of the short stories that portray model individuals under foreign power? |
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| Describe the apocalyptic literature of Daniel. What historical events are understood to be represented in the coded symbolism of Daniel’s visions? |
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