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| Bubonic plague; killed 1/3 of Europe's population; lack of population leads to political instability and peasant revolts; people believed either the wrath of God/ the Jews caused the plague |
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| "back to the sources"; rebirth of fascination with classical authors and languages |
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| rebirth; new focus on individual |
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| focus on human interests, feelings, values, and dignity |
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| author of "In Praise of Folly"; found gospel message in classics(ex: Socrates); translated many classics and the Bible; led the way for Luther |
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| Expert in classical languages; opposed pope-->discovered forged documents |
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| Valla's discovery of forged documents |
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| "The Donation of Constantine"; Works of Pseudo-Dionysius |
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| 2 popes appointed in 1388(one in France, one in Rome)-->divides loyalty of European bishops |
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| Popes began living there in 1300s |
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| believed in predestination; sacraments of the church were unnecessary for salvation; died before convicted on heresy |
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| Who translated bible into vernacular English? |
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| followers of John Wycliffe |
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| lived in Bohemia; believed laypersons should partake in eucharist |
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| Who was invited to Rome for a debate, then was burned at the stake? |
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| Hussites rebel after Hus' death; Pope called for crusade against Hussites-->Hussites destroy crusader knights at Prague |
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| leader of Hussites who defeat crusaders |
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| studied to become lawyer-->then became Augustinian monk; taught at University of Wittenberg; traveled to Rome-->very upset with church corruption |
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| Things about Church that troubled Luther |
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| selling of indulgences;selling church positions; salvation based on works |
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| Luther provoked to write ideas and problems of church in response to Pope selling bishopric to pay for St. Peter's Basilica |
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| Sola fide (key ideas of Luther) |
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| "salvation by faith alone" |
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| sola scriptura (key idea of Luther) |
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| the Bible alone is our source of authority |
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| Priesthood of all believers (key idea of Luther) |
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| all believers can commune with God |
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| "To the Christian Nobility" |
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| written by Martin Luther; attacks idea of papal infallibility; says pope is center of church corruption |
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| "The Babylonian Captivity of the Church" |
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| written by Luther; attacks the sacramental system; keeps only 2 of 7 sacraments (Baptism and Lord's Supper) |
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| "The Freedom of a Christian" |
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| written by Luther; says Christian doesn't need works, but will do them |
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| Luther threatened with excommunication unless he recanted his writings; administered by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V |
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| Who kidnapped Luther for his own safety? |
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| defender of the "sausage-eaters"? |
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| influenced by Erasmus and humanism; launched reformation in Zurich, Switzerland; more radical than Luther; strict biblicism |
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| What did Luther and Zwingli disagree on? |
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| Phillip of Hesse called in to resolve differences; 2 parties agreed on 14 articles of faith, but couldnt agree on 15th |
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| Who rejected transubstantiation? |
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| Luther and Philipp Melanchton |
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| the changing of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ |
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| body and bread of Christ present alongside the actual bread and wine; (belief of Luther and Melanchton) |
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| Zwingli and Johannes Oecolampadius |
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| believed body of Christ can't be in 2 places at once; eucharist commemorates the death of Christ |
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| Who brought reformation to Geneva Switzerland? |
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| Who wrote "Institutes of Christian Religion" and believes predestination? |
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T=total depravity
U=unconditional election
L= limited atonement
I=irresistable grace
P=perseverance of the saints |
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| Calvin's view of the church |
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| this person believed that churches governed by church board |
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| Calvin's influence on English Puritanism |
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| told Puritans to make $$ to invest and build better society |
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| Calvinists in France who opposed French Catholics |
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| small degree of religious toleration for the Calvinists granted in France after this decree |
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| result of Rome attempting to Catholicize parts of Europe |
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| leader of Anabaptists; rejected infant baptism |
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| 3 Branches of Anabaptist Movement |
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1. Evangelical Anabaptists
2. Communist Anabaptists
3. Apocalyptic Anabaptists |
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| leader was Michael Sattler; preached pacifism, a refusal to take oaths, and a believers' baptism |
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| Catholic priest who renounced Catholicism and established the Mennonites |
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| Communist Anabaptist; followers known as Hutterites; developed a communal form of living based on New Testament |
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| Apocalyptic Anabaptist; took Reformation ideas to the extreme-->organized army; died in slaughter of peasants |
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| barefoot nuns led by Theresa of Avila founded in Spain |
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| Apocalyptic Anabaptist; believed he was Elijah from Old Testament; rejected pacifism |
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| What group of Anabaptists attempted to seize the city of Munster, Germany? |
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| The Apocalyptic Anabaptists |
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| needed annulment of marriage with Catherine of Aragon-->pope refused-->broke away from Rome and formed the Church of England |
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| niece of Charles V of Spain; mother of Mary I |
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| King is leader, not the pope |
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| "The Boy King"; continued protestant reform |
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| advisor to Edward VI; author of "Book of Common Prayer" |
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| written by Thomas Cranmer; complete liturgy for the Church of England |
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| daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; married to Phillip of Spain; made it a priority to make England a Catholic kingdom |
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| daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; sought to reach compromise b/w Catholics and Protestants |
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| source of Anglican identity; represents middle ground b/w Reformed Protestantism and Roman Catholicism |
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| want to stay in Church of England and purify it |
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| believe Church of England is beyond saving; many separatist congregations migrate to Holland to avoid persecution |
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| King of Scotland; believed in "divine right of kings"; increased pressure on Puritans to conform to Church of England |
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| King of Scotland; believed in "divine right of kings"; increased pressure on Puritans to conform to Church of England |
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| royalty subject to no earthly authority; only answer to God (James I) |
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| son of James I; continued policy of oppression of Puritans |
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| war b/w Loyalists and New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell |
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| ruled England after Civil War for 10 years |
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| ruled England after Civil War for 10 years |
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| led by John Smyth and Thomas Helwys; moved congregation to Holland and established first Baptist Congregation |
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| author of "A Shot Declaration of the Mystery of Inquiry"; disagrees with Smyth's practices and moves his congregation back to England |
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| long-term efforts to reform the R.C. church from within |
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| the R.C. church's response to the Protestant Reformations of the 16th century |
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| Who was disappointed with the Catholic church but did not want to abandon her? |
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| Erasmus and other humanists |
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| spanish nun who emphasized mystical experience; began having visions when she was 40; founded "discalced carmelites" |
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| Who wrote "Interior Castles"? ( book emphasized spiritual journey through prayer and meditation |
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| former soldier who became soldier for Christ; wrote "Spiritual Exercises" |
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| monastic order that was very strict; culturally sensitive; served on front lines of Catholic expansion |
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| group that met over a period of 18 years to deal with problems in the Church and to respond to Protestantism |
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| group that met over a period of 18 years to deal with problems in the Church and to respond to Protestantism |
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| Council of Trent (reform) |
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| forbade selling of church offices; said bishops must reside in region over which they rule; called for reform of some monastic orders; created seminary in every diocese to provide for educated clergy |
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| Council of Trent (reactionary) |
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| reaffirmed 7 sacraments, existence of Purgatory |
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| vocal arrangement in polyphonic style suited for use in church service; Council of Trent wanted simplicity in music/ worship |
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| music arrangement with 2 or more parts in harmony with one another |
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| choirmaster in Rome; revised chantbooks to bring them into conformity with Rome; preserved complexity of motets but moved towards simplicity Trent wanted; saved polyphonic music in church |
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| Protestants' Church Music |
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| wanted greater simplicity; hymns written in German; Luther composed "A Mighty Fortress is our God" |
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| Separatists; moved from England to Holland to America |
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| Who established Mass. Bay Colony? |
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| Who preached the "City upon a hill" sermon aboard the ship "Arabella"? |
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| argued that native americans should be treated as equals, should be fairly compensated for their lands; argued for complete separation of church and state; founded Providence, R.I. |
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| John Winthrop's neighbor; put on trial for undermining order of society |
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| allowed you to join church without conversion experience |
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| girls began to have convulsions and hallucination-->doctor decided it was caused by witchcraft-->now known to be caused by a fungus called ergot |
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| delivered "sinners in the hands of an angry" sermon; preacher from Massachusetts |
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| English preacher who traveled to America for preaching tours; Methodist; very famous |
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| influence by Moravians; founded Methodist church; was a "circuit rider" preacher |
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| influence by Moravians; founded Methodist church; was a "circuit rider" preacher |
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| rejects supernatural elements of Christianity; chooses reason over faith |
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| proto-revolutionary elements of Great Awakening |
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| created "national" identity; appealed to the common person; established evangelical Christianity as norm in America |
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| traveling preachers with few possessions |
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| preacher during 2nd Great Awakening; grandson of Jonathan Edwards; President of Yale |
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| outdoor meetings marked by emotional outbursts in Cane Ridge, Kentucky |
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| key figure of 2nd Great Awakening; lawyer who converted and became a minister |
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| tent meetings; addressing audience members directly; very theatrical; new focus on emotion; use of the "anxious bench" |
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| upstate NY; fires of revival had taken all the souls |
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| emphasized free will and belief that people should be equal; fits with larger themes in American culture during Jacksonian democracy |
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| founder of Mormonism; ran for president; married 50 women |
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| Joseph Smith's successor; settled in Great Salt Lake, Utah |
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| predicted the return of Christ; 7th Day Adventists emerged out of his followers |
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| founded Oeida Community; remembered for silver work |
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| worshipped on Saturdays; Ellen White led this group (had visions) |
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| enstilled virtues of obedience and that slavery was okay |
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| secret churches for blacks to meet and worship |
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| swamps where slaves used wet blankets to block out the sound so no one could find them |
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| coded meanings in slave spirituals |
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| songs with coded details for slaves to escape/get help |
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| formed African Methodist Epicopal Church; born into slavery |
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| African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church |
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| formed when black members walked out of church servic-->formed their own church in NY |
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