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| Brethren of the Common Life |
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| a group of common people in Holland who taught the Gospel and fed the hungry, clothed the naked, and visited the sick. They wanted to make religion a personal experience. |
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| A friar who was tired of the abuses of the Catholic Church. He is considered the father of all Protestantism, and is directly attributed to the formation of the Lutheran Church. His 95 Theses proved to be a very significant factor in the inception of the Reformation. Also, his translation of the New Testament set the dialect of German that would be used by all Germans. |
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| A religious movement in the 15th and 16th centuries that resulted in the birth of Protestantism and the decline of the Catholic Church. |
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| A piece of paper that was sold by Catholic officials. This paper could supposedly instantly transfer someone from purgatory to heaven. Indulgences also refer to good works one must do to be in favor with God. |
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| A man who was selling indulgences in Luther’s area. The sale of indulgences deeply troubled Luther and prompted the 95 theses. |
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| Church officials holding more than 1 office at a time |
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| 95 complaints Luther had against the Catholic Church. These complaints became the basis of the Reformation |
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| Holy Roman Emperor who believed that it was his divine duty to unite the world under his command and restore Catholicism. |
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| Swiss humanist who introduced the Reformation in Switzerland |
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| This was made to unite Protestant opinion, but it turned out to be a failure. |
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| Priesthood of all believers |
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| All people in the church are equal, this rejected the traditional view of the Catholic Church |
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| The belief that when the priest says the words, the bread and wine physically change into the body and blood of Christ. |
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| The belief that Christ is present when the consecrating words are said, but the bread and wine are still bread and wine. |
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| Condemned lay and ecclesiastical lords and summarized the agrarian crisis of the early sixteenth century |
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| Dynasty that ruled the Holy Roman Empire. |
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| A series of wars between the Habsburg and Valois families of France. These wars advanced the Protestant cause and fragmented the German empire. |
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| Officially offered recognition of Lutheranism by the Holy Roman Emperor. |
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| philosopher who started Calvinism, in addition to leaving a profound impact on the social thought and attitudes of Europeans and English speaking people around the world. |
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| Institutes of Christian Religion |
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| John Calvin’s book which contained all of his ideas. |
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| A government based on religion |
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| The idea that God has already chosen who will be saved and who will go to hell. |
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| A committee created by Calvin which enforced the rules of his religion. |
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| A heretic who was burned at the stake for his ideas such as adult baptism, the denial of the holy Trinity, and he said a person under 20 cannon commit a mortal sin. |
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| A church in France based of Calvinist doctrine |
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| Religion who believed that baptism should only occur in adults. Basis for many other religions. Persecuted. |
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| Woman who Henry VIII wanted to marry. She failed to produce male heirs and was beheaded in 1536 |
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| Henry VIII’s wife. He tried to get this marriage annulled, but failed. This resulted in the formation of the Church of England. |
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| Act of Restraint of Appeals |
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| Forced people to accept the king as the highest judicial authority in England |
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| Act for the Submission of the Clergy |
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| Forced clergy to approve all ecclesiastical laws with the king prior to implementation |
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| made the king the supreme authority of church and state in England |
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| A massive multiclass rebellion in England. |
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| The son of Henry VIII. Weak. The Protestants exerted influence over the religious life of England during his reign. |
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| The Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon. She fully restored Roman Catholicism. However, she also executed many Protestant officials. |
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| Religious fanatics who wanted to eliminate all traces of Catholicism from the new church |
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| Monarch of England with great political skills. She took a moderate route on the religious troubles that her country was experiencing. |
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| Laws that required all citizens of England to practice the Anglican faith outwardly. People who did not attend the services could be fined. |
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| A summary of the basic 39 tenets that defined the Church of England. |
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| The name of the Church of England. Services were in English, clergy could marry, but otherwise the Church remained similar to the Catholic Church. |
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| Leader of the reform movement in Scotland. He persuaded the Scottish parliament to end the papal authority in Scotland. He called the new church that formed the Presbyterian Church, due to the government of the church by the presbyters, or ministers. |
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| A council of Catholic leaders which convened in the city of Trent. Their main goals were to reconcile with the Protestants and reform the Catholic Church. They also reaffirmed the Catholic position of many issues, including transubstantiation. They also attacked church abuses. |
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| Tridentine decree Tametsi |
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| This required bishops to be a resident of their diocese, in addition to having to visit the church at least once every 2 years. Clerics with concubines had to get rid of them. Also, this decree abolished simony and pluralism. The particular decree of Tametsi forced people to get married with witnesses. |
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| A group of nuns who emphasized the education of women. |
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| A society led by Ignatius Loyola that traveled around the world converting Asians and Latin Americans to Catholicism |
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| A former Spanish soldier who studied Christ and became the founder of the Jesuit order. |
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| The spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church |
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| Measures taken to reduce the spread of Protestantism and to cut down on heretics in the Catholic Church |
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