Term
| What's the difference between existence, subsistence, and leisure time? |
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Definition
Existence - eat and sleep
Subsistence - money, job or training
Leisure - whatever is leftover |
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Term
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Definition
time: an obligation, can be wasted, positive, neutral (time fillers), negative (time wasters)
state of being: you cycle in and out, is always positive. |
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Term
| What 4 characteristics must leisure have from a "state of mind" concept (liberating character, etc)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 characteristics must leisure have from a "state of mind" concept? |
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Definition
A. Liberating character - Loss of control, self consciousness (bigger than you are).
B. Disinterested character - Cannot be done for money.
C. Hedonistic character- must involve pleasure & satisfaction.
D. Personal character - must be aimed at self fulfillment. |
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Term
| What are the 3 components of a "behavior setting"? |
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Definition
| Social group, activity, setting |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone in the in crowd is doing it so we should do it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stop doing an activity because everyone is doing it. |
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Term
| A status-barriered activity: |
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Definition
| The president showing up in shorts & flip flops. |
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Term
| What are the levels of the ROS? |
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Definition
| From primitive to modern (Bidwell park 1 mile vs 5 mile). Urbanized vs. rural. |
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Term
| Are exotic species non-native? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the levels of the ROS differ with respect to: |
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Definition
Motorized use: modern
Wildlife species: modern |
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Term
| What do the following OR values mean: |
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Definition
A. physiological: muscle development, cardiovascular toning, reduced stress.
B. psychological: reduces mental stress, enhances self esteem/confidence, expression of personality, personal interpretation,self appraisal, reduced aggressive behavior,self actualization, awareness of unity.
C. sociological: socialization, develop meaningful relationships, lessons in cooperation,expansion of social roles, exposure to desirable behavior.
D. educational: knowledge of laws of nature, self discovery, knowledge of survival skills, awareness of things beyond and around us.
E. cultural: better understanding of different lifestyles and changing perspectives.
F. spiritual: feeling of freedom, humility, security. |
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Term
| What are Aldo Leopold's 5 components of recreation and how do they differ from one another? |
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Definition
1. Collection of physical objects.
2. A feeling of isolation in nature.
3. Fresh air and change of scene.
4. Perception of natural processes.
5. A sense of husbandry. |
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Term
| What are the four stages of the "recreation experience" according to Clawson and Knetsch? |
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Definition
1. anticipation
2. planning
3.participation
4. recollection |
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Term
| From whom, how and when were various parts of Bidwell Park acquired by the City of Chico? |
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Definition
1905-1911: 2300 acres given by Annie Bidwell through various deeds.
7/10/1905: Land deeds (1,876 acres)through notary public of Butte County.
4/1/1911: 4acres directed to the City for children's park/playground.
5/11/1911: 320 acres deeded to the city.
1918: Annie died and the city became the sole proprietor.
1921: added 29 acre forestry station.
1924: 24 acre kennedy tract deeded. |
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Term
| What 5 restrictions did Annie Bidwell specify in her park deed and what would have happened if these restrictions were violated? |
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Definition
1. No selling of intoxicating liquors of any kind on the parks premises.
2. Party shall preserve the beauty, preservation and protection of the waters of Chico Creek, all of the trees, shrubs and vines.
3. No hunting of wild animals or birds.
4. Use the land as public park for the residents of Chico.
5. No public or organized picnics on Sunday. |
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Term
| The Outdoor Recreation Management Model has 3 primary functions. |
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Definition
1. Resources management
2. Visitor management
3. Services management |
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Term
| The 5 major programs of "resources management"? |
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Definition
1. Site management
2. Individual species management
3. Ecosystem management
4. VRM(visual resource management)
5. Impact assessment |
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Term
| The 3 major programs of "visitor management"? |
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Definition
1. Interpretation/information services
2. Public safety
3. Distribution of use |
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Term
| The 5 major programs of "services management"? |
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Definition
1. Special services
2. Area & site planning
3. Concession management
4. Hazard management
5. Maintenance management |
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Term
| What are the major components of the ecological paradigm and how does each component influence a person's potential for recreation? |
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Definition
Culture --> Social System -->(around a person): individual, family network, friend network, work network.
--> Leisure behavior
--> Environment: natural, built,
activities
--> Recreation |
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Term
| Is the life expectancy of women longer than men? Is this changing? |
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Definition
| Yes. The gap is changing (women in the workplace). |
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Term
| What factor contributes to the majority of growth in California? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of lands along the Sacramento River are in Public ownership? |
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Definition
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Term
| (4.4) What do the following terms refer to: |
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Definition
Visitor-hour: presence of recreationist for continuous, intermittent, or simultaneous periods of time adding up to 60 minutes.
Activity-hour: the same as visitor hour except for a specific activity. |
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Term
| (4.4) What 3 main methods exist for estimating/determining use rates? |
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Definition
1. estimate (swag) and actual observation
2. sample
3. pure count |
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Term
| How is carrying capacity defined? |
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Definition
| The balance between demand and use. The character of use that can be supported over a specified time by an area developed at a certain level without causing excessive damage to physical environment or the experience for the visitors. |
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Term
| What is meant by "character of use"? |
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Definition
| Different users use things differently. |
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Term
| What do each of the following types of "carrying capacity" refer to? |
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Definition
Ecological (smoke in a bar): level of use that can be supported without adversely affecting plants, animals, soil, water,or air quality.
Physical (how many people can you fit - space impacts-fixed number): level of use possible w/amount of space available for such use.
Facility (capacity, lights, use - number can be changed w/improvements): level that improvements and staffing can support without straining the normal operation.
Social carrying capacity (how many people should you fit): level of use beyond which social impacts exceed acceptable levels as specified by evaluating standards. |
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Term
| What distinguishes "direct" approaches to OR management from "indirect" approaches with respect to regulation of behavior, freedom of choice, etc? |
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Definition
1. Did we restrict the number of people?
2. Did we restrict the activity? (does it affect the activity on the inside?) |
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Term
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Definition
Direct: (ENFORCEMENT) reservations #1, citation, fines, surveillance; (ZONING) separate incompatible uses (hikers, houses); (RATIONING USE INTENSITY): rotate use (pen/close access points), restricting access points, limit group size, limit length of stay, limit camping to designated areas; (ACTIVITY REQS): restricting campsites, restricting horses, hunting, fishing (size limit, bag limit).
Indirect: (PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS): improve, maintain or neglect access roads, campsites, trails, fish or wildlife populations; (CHANNEL USE): trails, campfire ring, bridges; (INFORMATION DISPERSAL): advertising lesser known areas, education programs, wilderness use patterns; (ELIGIBILITY): change entrance fee, require certification, deposit for rescue operations. |
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Term
| REQUEST (a reservation system) |
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Definition
HELPS:
- people who can plan in advance.
- people willing to plan in advance.
- people with limited free/vacation time.
- people who are committed to doing the activity.
- people for whom it takes a lot of energy to participate in the activity.
NO ADVANTAGE:
- wealthier people.
- more highly educated people
HURTS:
- spontaneous recreationists.
- people whose occupations don't allow long-range planning.
- people unaware that reservations are necessary. |
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Term
| LOTTERY (presume the lottery is held in advance of the "event"): |
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Definition
HELPS:
- people who can plan in advance.
- people willing to plan in advance.
- people with limited free/vacation time.
- people who are committed to doing the activity.
- people for whom it takes a lot of energy to participate in the activity.
NO ADVANTAGE:
- wealthier people.
- more highly educated people
HURTS:
- spontaneous recreationists.
- people whose occupations don't allow long-range planning.
- people unaware that reservations are necessary.
- people who really want to do the activity, because everyone has an equal shot at the experience despite their level of desire.
- people with limited free time because they don't have the time to reapply for the next lottery. |
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Term
| PRICING (presume that a higher price is being placed on something): |
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Definition
HELPS:
- highly committed users.
- richer people.
NO ADVANTAGE:
- spontaneous recreationists
- people with lots of free time.
- highly educated recreationists (except indirectly due to the fact that higher education leads to higher incomes).
HURTS:
- uncommitted users who don't want to pay the price
- the poor (if the price is too high) |
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Term
| QUEING (first come, first served): |
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Definition
HELPS:
- spontaneous recreationists
- people who have low "opportunity costs" (lots of free time so can afford to wait in line)
- highly committed users (willing to take the time and energy to be first in line)
- people who live nearby (can get there first)
NO OBVIOUS ADVANTAGE:
- highly educated people
- richer people
HURTS:
- people who must or can plan in advance
- people who have high opportunity cost values (can't afford the time to wait in line).
- low commitment (people who don't care enough about the activity to want to have to show up early to get a ticket.
- people who live far away |
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Term
| MERIT (the individual has to prove a certain skill level): |
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Definition
HELPS:
- people who can plan in advance
- people who have the free time to take the required training
- highly committed users (willing to get the merit badge)
- people who can afford the training
- people with a better education because they're more likely to be a good test taker and pass the test.
NO ADVANTAGE:
- people who live nearby the recreation site
HURTS:
- spontaneous recreationists
- people who don't have the time to take the required training
- uncommitted users, because they won't be willing to go to the hassle of earning the merit badge.
- people who can't afford the training
- anyone who is a poor test taker |
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Term
| What materials are most commonly littered? |
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Definition
Paper (67%)
metal cans
bottles |
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Term
| How long does it take for various types of litter to decompose? |
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Definition
Aluminum cans: 200-400 years
Glass: 1 million years
Nylon fabrics: 30-40 years
Orange peel: 2 weeks to 5 months
Plastic coated paper: 1 to 5 years
Plastic bags: 10 to 20 years
Plastic film: 20 to 30 years
Rubber: 50 to 80 years |
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Term
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Definition
| ruralites, men, younger, from big families. |
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Term
| What are the 2 primary reasons that people litter? |
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Definition
| convenience,no place to put it. |
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Term
| How is vandalism defined? |
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Definition
| It is a willful act of physical damage that lowers the aesthetic or economic value of an object or area. |
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Term
| What are the main types of vandalism? |
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Definition
1. Acquisitive
2. playful
3. malicious
4. erosive
5. vindictive
6. tactical |
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Term
| The US Fish and Wildlife Service manages Pittman-Robertson, Dingell-Johnson, and Wallop-Breaux funds. Explain the sources and functions of these funds. |
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Definition
The Pittman-Robertson Act (1937) places the following "federal excise taxes" on hunting arms and ammunition:
11% on firearms (other than pistols and revolvers) and shells and cartridges
10% tax on pistols and revolvers
11% on bows and arrows and parts and accessories
The Dingell-Johnson Act (1950) places the following "federal excise taxes" on fishing gear:
10% federal excise tax on fishing rods, creels, reels, and artificial lures, baits, and flies
3% tax on electric trolling motors and sonar fish finders
The money from the D-J Fund is redistributed to the states based on the following formula:
40% distributed to states evenly
60% distributed based on a ratio:
# of state license holders
total # of license holders in US
The Wallop-Breaux (1984) involves a 3% portion of the Federal fuels tax as well as importation duties on fishing tackle and pleasure boats. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the "Antiquities Act of 1906"? |
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Definition
| It allows the president to designate national monuments. |
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Term
| Most Americans view the role of the national parks to be: |
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Definition
| For the recreation and enjoyment of people. |
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Term
| The majority of NPS visitors are: |
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Definition
| White men, under 30, with higher income and some college. |
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Term
| What is meant by the tragedy of the commons? |
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Definition
| You either use the resource or someone else will. Each individual use is not seen as a big deal but the cumulative use has an affect. |
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Term
| What is a condominium campground and a membership campground? |
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Definition
A condominium campground: owned for a time
Membership campground: you are a member but no specific spot is reserved. |
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Term
| What is the enclave concept? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is possessory interest? |
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Definition
| If you build on and don't get contract you get reimbursed. |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps of hazard management? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can your knowledge of the tools used most commonly to manage wildlife also be used to manage outdoor recreation at a private resort? |
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Definition
Laws: flexible, based on biological facts.
Predator control: Prey control the predator.
Refuges: Sacramento Wildlife Refuge & Greylodge
Stocking: Creating new recreation to release pressure on another area.
Transplanting:
Introduction of exotic species: displacement of native species, habitat damage.
Harvest (hunting, fishing, and trapping): take small % of harvest/or no harvest if its not a good year.
Habitat management: clean beaches
Public education: |
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Term
| Do most exotic non-native species of wildlife survive and flourish? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the open fields doctrine? |
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Definition
| The USFWS has the right to go onto any land without a warrant where there is a presence of wildlife. |
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Term
| Are poacher detection rates high or low? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are secret witness programs very effective? |
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Definition
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Term
| Have most Californians observed a fish and game law violation during their lifetime? |
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Definition
| No, they don't know what is a violation. |
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Term
| Is CALTIP very effective? In order to receive a cash reward, must the information a person gives to authorities lead to a conviction? |
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Definition
| Yes. No, a conviction is not necessary. |
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Term
| Which specific wildlife recreation activities do Californians like to participate in the most? the least? |
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Definition
1. zoos
2. attract birds
3. visit natural areas
4. fish
5. photograph wildlife
6. bird watching
7. hunting |
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Term
| What is the rank ordering of wildlife recreation use patterns for Californians with respect to consumptive, non-consumptive, mixed, and non use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do most californians who participate in nonconsumptive wildlife recreation activities also consumptive wildlife recreation activities? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do studies show that animal welfare group members and deer hunters think that wildlife is valuable for the same reasons? What are shared values? |
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Definition
1. They are part of ecological balance
2. people enjoy viewing wildlife
3. people enjoy just knowing they exist. |
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Term
| Where does most funding for the CDFW wildlife management program come from? What types of new wildlife funding sources do CA like the most? the least? |
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Definition
59% hunting
fishing
trapping
20% federal funds
21% state sources |
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Term
| What are the 4 ways that interpretation can serve as a management tool? |
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Definition
1. Encourage thoughtful use
2. Guide people away from fragile resources.
3. Promoting public understanding of the agency.
4.Visitor safety. |
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Term
| What is the primary aim of interpretation: education, instruction, or provocation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between personal and nonpersonal interpretive services? Can you give examples of each? |
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Definition
1. person is involved in the interpretation
2. nonpersonal: signs, exhibits, brochures, audio |
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Term
| What is non-marketability? |
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Definition
| Goods that cannot be traded in the open market. |
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Term
| What is inelastic demand? |
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Definition
| When prices are raised but the effects on the number of visitors is minimal. |
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Term
| Why do outdoor recreation opportunities tend to have "non-homogeneity"? |
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Definition
| Because none of them are the same. |
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