Term
| How do corticosteroids provide analgesia? |
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Definition
| By reducing the inflammation that causes pain. |
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Term
| What sort of drugs are corticosteroids? |
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Definition
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Term
| DO corticosteroids tend to have long or short durations of action? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 6 major steps in the neuro exam? |
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Definition
1. Assessment of mental status and behaviour
2. Assessment of gait
3. Assessment of posture
4. Assessment of muscle integrity
5. Cranial nerve examination
6. Spinal reflexes |
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Term
| What are the things that you are looking for when assessing the mental status and behaviour during a neuro exam? |
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Definition
| Changes in appetite, depression, lethargy, unresponsiveness, anxiety, hyperactivity, hysteria, aggression, head pressing |
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Term
| What are the things to look for with the assessment of gait? |
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Definition
Sensory - wide stance, swaying, loss of limb coordination, dragging toes
Cerebellar ataxia - over reaching or high stepping
Vestibular ataxia- head tilting, leaning falling, reluctance to move, side to side head swaying
Paresis/paralysis - total or partil loss of motor control
Tremor - rhythmic or oscillatory |
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Term
| How do you assess posture? |
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Definition
Propreoception
Placing response, will the animal reach for a surface when susenpended
Hopping - Thoracic limbs
Wheel barrowing
Extensor postural thrust - does the animal stretch its hindlimbs to try to make contact with a surface when suspended?
hemistanding/hemiwalking |
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Term
| What are the tests of the cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
Facial symmetry
PLR
Menace response
Visial following
Palpebral response
Strabismus and nystagmus
Swallowing and gag |
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Term
| How do you test spinal reflexes? |
|
Definition
Extensor thrust (assesses muscle tone and femoral nerve)
Patellar reflex
Other refelexes
Deep pain withdrawal |
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Term
| What are the main signs of UMN disease? |
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Definition
| PAresis to paralysis, hyperreflexia, late and mild atrophy, muscle spasm and hypertonia, normal EMG |
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Term
| What are the main signs of LMN disease? |
|
Definition
| Paralysis (flacid), hypo to areflexia, early and severe atrophy, abnormal EMG |
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Term
| What are the contraindications of a myelograph? |
|
Definition
Anything that contraindicates administering a GA
Paitents with increased intracranial pressure
Coagulopathy
Congenital abnormalities
Cervical trauma
RABIES! |
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Term
| How much CSF can you take? |
|
Definition
| around 1ml/5kg (around 10 drops) |
|
|
Term
| What should you collect CSF in? |
|
Definition
| EDTA for presevation of cell morphology, red top for biochem |
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Term
| What is degenerative joint disease? |
|
Definition
| A non-inflammatory disease of synovial joints where the cartilage degenerates and is replaced by the formation of bone at the joint surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymatic degradation of the cartilage, though we do not know what initiates this? |
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|
Term
| Is primary or secondary arthritis more common in dogs? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is secondary arthritis secondary to? |
|
Definition
| Joint instability, trauma other bone diseases |
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|
Term
| Is DJD a chronic or acute disease process? |
|
Definition
| Chronic with a slow onset. |
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Term
| Does DJD result in systemic signs? |
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Definition
| Nope, it is confined to the musculockeletal system |
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Term
| What is the progression of DJD? |
|
Definition
| Join pain, stiffness and loss of motion progressing to fibrosis, pain, decreased excercise tollerance, lameness and muscular atrohpy |
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Term
| What are the aims of treatment for DJD? |
|
Definition
Pallative, not curative.
The aim is to provide pain relief and to minamise the progression of the disease. |
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Term
| What are some of the management factors needed for DJD? |
|
Definition
Reduction of body weight
Controlled, regular excercise, depending on stage of disease and level of pin.
Passive movement of the joints in conjunction with NSAID therapy
Assisted excercise (swimming, slings etc)
Physical therapy (depending on what is available in the area and what the Ox wants to spend) |
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Term
| What are the most commonly used NSAIDS in the treatment of DJD? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Can you use corticosteroids to treat DJD? |
|
Definition
Yes, BUT NEVER WITH NSAIDS AT THE SAME TIME
Corticotersoids are safe at low doses, but you can have problems if the treatment is continued long term |
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Term
| What are some surgical options for the treatment of DJD? |
|
Definition
Joint replacements (Hip, elbow and stifle)
Arthrodesis, immobilisation of the joint by fusion
Arthroplasty
Joint irrigation with saline or lactated ringers has been shown to provide short term improvements (months) |
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Term
| What are the main concerns when looking after a paralysed paitent? |
|
Definition
Respiratory system
Urinary system
integument
GIT dysfunction
Self trauma |
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Term
| Why do giant and large breed dogs get respiratory issues after a long time in recumbancy? |
|
Definition
Hypoventilation - the 'down' lung is unable to expand fully
Hydrostatic congestion
Increased risk of aspiration pneumonia
Decreased sensory stimulation to the brain centres for respiratory function |
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Term
| What are some of the reasons for urinary incontinence? |
|
Definition
Neuro - UMM, LMN
Non-Neuro - Ectopic ureters, sphincted incompetence, increased urethral closure pressure (mechanical or functional), overactive bladder |
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|
Term
| How can you treat urinary incontinence? |
|
Definition
Depends on the cause
Congentital deformity? Might be surgical!
Neoplasia? Also might be surgical!
Can give urethral bulking agents to increase the closing capacity of the sphincters
Urethral occuluders - I think it functions like an artificial sphincter. A cuff is inserted and the cuff diameter can be controlled by injecting saline into a port. |
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Term
| Which is a UI condition that is treatable by hormones? |
|
Definition
| USMI - treated with oestrogen |
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|
Term
| Can corticosteroids be used in the treatment of spinal injuries? |
|
Definition
| No, if trauma is suspected, this treatment bight be fatal |
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|
Term
| What is laryngeal paralysis in the dog? |
|
Definition
Pralysis of the aryenoid cartliages resulting in obstruction.
The diseases is commonly idopathic. |
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Term
| What are the medical treatments for larengyal paralysis in the dog? |
|
Definition
| Anti-inflammatory doses of corticosteroids and cage rest |
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Term
| What are the surgical options for the treament of larengeal paralysis? |
|
Definition
Larngoplasty - the aim is to open the larynx without predisposing the dog to aspiration pneumonia.
The main surgery done is the unilateral aratenoid tieback procedure. Only one side is tied back to reduce the chance of aspiration.
The main landmarks for the procedure are the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. |
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Term
| What is tracheal stenosis? |
|
Definition
the narrowing of the trachea, due to damage or cogentital absence of the rings.
It results in a total or partial block of the trachea.
Treatment is surgical and may involve trachial resection or prosthesis to maintain the lumen. |
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