Term
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Definition
| Abuse – use of substance in a manner, amount, or situation such that the drug use causes problems (physical, social, legal, occupational, psychological, etc.) or greatly increase the chances of problems occurring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dependence – state in which the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that it appears difficult for the person to get along without using the drug. When you show withdrawal, it implies physiological dependence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binge – pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gm% or above. For the typical adult, this pattern = 4 or more drinks (female) or 5 or more drinks (male) in about 2 hours. [The National Advisory Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism] |
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Term
| What is drug reinforcement? |
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Definition
| Reinforcement – everything else being equal, everytime you take the drug you slightly increase the probability that you will take it again. |
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Term
| What is effectiveness? What is efficacy? What is the difference? |
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Definition
Effectiveness = A measure of the extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen does what it is intended to do for a specified population.
Efficacy = The extent to which a specific intervention... provides beneficial results under ideal conditions. Usually based on randomized control trials. |
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Term
| What are four types of sampling? |
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Definition
1) Simple Random Sampling
2) Stratified Random Sampling
3) Systematic Sampling
4) Cluster Sampling |
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Term
| What is simple random sampling? |
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Definition
| Simple Random Sampling: The probability that any individual element is chosen is the ratio of the sample size to the size of the population: n divided by N. |
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Term
| What is stratified random sampling? |
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Definition
| Stratified Random Sampling: The sampling frame is divided into different strata, and simple random samples are drawn within each stratum. This approach ensures adequate representation |
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Term
| What is systematic sampling? |
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Definition
| Systematic Sampling: Sample members are drawn at fixed intervals. |
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Term
| What is cluster sampling? |
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Definition
| Cluster Sampling: A cluster is a listing element that may contain more than one elementary unit. Examples of clusters of individuals include hospitals, classrooms, and households. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection Bias: Occurs if enrollment of exposed and non-exposed individuals is influenced by the disease status. Considerable attention has been given to sources of selection bias in case-control group should be representative of the population at risk. |
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Term
| What is information bias? |
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Definition
| Information Bias: Refers to the invalid estimates of the relationship between exposure and disease outcomes resulting from information obtained on study subjects. |
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Term
| What is confounding bias? |
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Definition
| Confounding Bias: Occurs when the study samples in the comparison groups are imbalanced with respect to other characteristics that are independent determinants of the disease under study. |
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Term
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Definition
| Probands: Any member of a family who causes the family to be ascertained |
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Term
| What is a family history study? What is a family study? What is the difference? |
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Definition
Family History: The collection of diagnostic data using informants.
Family Study: The collection of diagnostic data by direct interviews. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recall Bias: The error in measurement due to inaccuracies in the respondent’s memory of events. |
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Term
| What scale did the ECA use? What scale did the NCS use? What were the consequences of these differences? |
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Definition
ECA - DIS
NCS - CIDI
NCS much higher prevalence rates |
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Term
| What scale did the US-UK project use? |
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Definition
| The Present State Exam - developed by Wing |
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Term
| What are the three clusters of personality disorders? |
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Definition
Cluster A - Paranoid/Schizoid/Schhizotypal
Cluster B - Antisocial/Borderline/Histrionic/Narcissistic
Cluster C - Avoidant/Dependent/OC |
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Term
| What disorders are associated with each cluster of personality disorders? |
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Definition
Cluster A - schizophrenia
Cluster B - other PD, substance use
Cluster C - anxiety |
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Term
| Name the three types of frontal-subcortical dysfunction? |
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Definition
Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit (known as dysexecutive type), we see impairments in executive functioning, including a diminished judgment, planning, insight, temporal organization, motor programming deficits
Orbitofrontal circuit (disinhibited type) – stimulus-driven behavior, diminished social insight, distractibility, emotional lability
Anterior cingulate circuit (apathetic type) – diminished spontaneity, diminished verbal output, diminished motor behavior, increased response latency. |
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Term
| Describe the differences between acute and chronic injury to brain function |
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Definition
Acute injury: flight or flight, repair, increase glucocorticoids, anti-inflammatory, formation of emotional memories
Chronic injury: decrease glucocorticoids, hippocampal damage, brain shrinkage, but changes are reversible |
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Term
| What is the difference between negative and positive reinforcement when it comes to drug dependency? |
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Definition
Negative reinforcement (Skinner): you have such bad withdrawal symptoms, but when you take the drug, withdrawal symptoms go away immediately. This strengthens the drug dependent behavior even more.
Positive reinforcement – you have to increase the amount of drug than what you have previously used to get just has high as before. (e.g. animal pressing the lever for the catheter to inject drug more and more) |
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Term
| What are four types of assessment to understand brain function? |
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Definition
1) Psychometric Tests
2) Structured Interview
3) Clinic Observation
4) Neuroimaging |
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Term
| What are the big five cognitive domains? |
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Definition
1) Memory
2) Executive Function
3) Visuospatial Ability
4) Attention
5) Language |
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Term
| What are the three steps in memory formation? |
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Definition
1) Encoding
2) Storage
3) Retrieval (as Reconstruction) |
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Term
| What are four types of memories? |
|
Definition
1) Episodic
2) Semantic
3) Procedural
4) Implicit |
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Term
| What are 7 indicators of brain health? |
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Definition
1. Weight
2. Cortical Thickness
3. Dendritic branching
4. Synapses per Neuron
5. Neurogenesis
6. Protein Synthesis
7. Performance |
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Term
| What are six functions of EF? |
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Definition
1. Planning
2. Judgment
3. Goal-directed Behavior
4. Delaying gratification
5. Motivation
6. Initiative |
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Term
| Name three types of brain injury? |
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Definition
1) Concussion
2) Epidural hematoma
3) Subdural hematoma |
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Term
| What are the three lineages of comprehension? |
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Definition
I. Observational/typological lineage
(formulating diagnoses based on clinical presentations)
II. Bioinvestigative/experimental lineage (Medical Researchers)
III. Epidemiologic/statistical lineage
(Population based studies) |
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Term
| What are the four epochs in American Psychiatry? |
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Definition
1) State Hospital Psychiatry (1890-1910) (Classify)
2) Meyer Epoch (1910-1940) (Observe to Assess)
3) Psychoanalytic Epoch (1940-1970) (Interact to Guide)
4) Empirical Psychiatry Epoch (1970-current day) (Identify to Count) |
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Term
| What are the three stages in diagnosis? |
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Definition
1) Observation
2) Interpretation
3) Clinical Judgment |
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Term
| What are the four steps in case taking? |
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Definition
1) Taking a history
2) Mental Status Examination
3) Diagnostic Formulation
4) Treatment Plan |
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Term
| What two approaches are made for diagnosis and scales used for them? |
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Definition
1) Bottom-up Approach (Present State Exam, SCAN)
2) Top-down Approach (DIS, SADS, SCID) |
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Term
| What are three types of interviews? And what are differences between them? |
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Definition
1. Structured – Fixed format of script, but some paraphrasing/revisiting
2. Scheduled – No deviation in wording or order of questions
3. Semi-structured – Mandatory script that leads for free scripting |
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Term
| What are problematic dispositions (using the dimension perspective)? |
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Definition
1) Suboptimal Cognitive Capacity
2) Temperament
3) Maturity |
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Term
| Course of illness questions should focus on what subtopics? |
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Definition
1) Onset
2) Recurrence
3) Remission |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamus --> releasing factor --> Anterior pituitary --> ACTH into blood --> Adrenal cortex activated --> releases cortisol |
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Term
What is the role of the Hippocampus?
Name important study in London |
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Definition
Memory - don't forget it shrinks with stress, and grows with experience
(Maquire, 2000 - taxis) |
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Term
What is the role of the amygdala?
Big researcher involved? |
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Definition
Emotion regulation -
(Le Doux, fear conditioning doesn't work with lesioned amygdala) |
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Term
| What function does the Basal ganglia have? |
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Definition
| Cognition and motor integration |
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Term
| Give a test for the memory domain - episodic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Give a test for the memory domain - procedural? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Give a test for the memory domain - implicit? |
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Definition
| Gollumb incomplete figures |
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|
Term
| Give a test for the memory domain - semantic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a test for the language domain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a test for the visuospatial domain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a test for the attention domain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a test for the EF domain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements --- a disorder of motor planning |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells |
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Term
|
Definition
| A difficulty in producing or comprehending spoken or written language. |
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Term
| What are five criteria for endophenotypes? |
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Definition
1) It is associated with illness in the population.
2) It is heritable.
3) It is state-independent (manifests in an individual whether or not illness is active).
4) It is transmitted with the disease
5) Is present in non-affected and affected families, but higher amounts in affected families |
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Term
| What are three life phases according to the life course perspective? |
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Definition
1) normative age-graded
2) normative history-graded
3) non-normative life events |
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Term
| Who proposed the three phases of interventions? |
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Definition
| Mrazek and Haggerty (1994) |
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Term
| What is the etic approach? |
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Definition
| Universal perspective of measuring and analyzing certain conditions based upon meaningful categories across different cultures. |
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Term
| What is the emic approach? |
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Definition
| Particular views & behavioral patterns that could be agreed upon the 'insiders' of the culture |
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Term
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of the etic approach? |
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Definition
Strength = ability to map out similarities/differences across culture; can use parsimonious model.
Weaknesses = assumptions often formed by American/European standards that non-western variations may be seen as measurement error. |
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Term
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of the emic approach? |
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Definition
Strength = appreciation of cultural uniqueness & cultural relativism; openness to build culturally relevant theory that may build foundation for future scientific studies, prevention, intervention
Weakness = lack of immediate scientific usefulness - does not provide immediate, practical guideline to inform western trained clinical workers to take an action based on emic descriptions. |
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Term
| What is the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence in terms of retention over time? Who coined these terms? |
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Definition
| Fluid starts decreasing around age 30, Cattell |
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Term
| What is social causation? |
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Definition
| Being in a particular group causes changes in a given trait of interest - that is the social group causes people to be different |
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Term
| What is social selection? |
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Definition
| Being high on a trait of interest, may make you be more likely to join a group - that is having a trait makes you different |
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|
Term
| What is the prevalence of Parkinson's Disease? |
|
Definition
- 1% of US population over the age of 55
- 3% of US population over the age of 70 |
|
|
Term
| What is Parkinson's Disease? |
|
Definition
A progressive neurodegenerative disease
involving basal ganglia & putamen, in particular, and thereby causes motor, cognitive, and psychiatric deficits |
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Term
| What happens within the basal ganglia with Parkinson's Disease? |
|
Definition
Loss of pigmented dopamine-secreting (dopaminergic) cells
in the substantia nigra (SN) ("black substance"). |
|
|
Term
| What physical brain presentation is seen in Parkinson's Disease? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrophy occurs in what two brain regions in AD? |
|
Definition
| Parietal lobe, hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| What physical brain presentation is seen in Alzheimer's Disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Huntington's Disease transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of dementia does HD cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protein problem in HD? |
|
Definition
| A trinucleotide repeat for glutamine, called huntingtin |
|
|
Term
| Three possible relationships found in a study? |
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Definition
1) Artifactual
2) Noncausal
3) Causal |
|
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Term
| Benefits of case-control studies? |
|
Definition
1) Cheap
2) Efficient for rare disorders |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of prospective cohort studies? |
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Definition
1) Accurate measurement of exposure
2) Can assess temporality
3) Prevalence can be measured |
|
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Term
| Weaknesses of case-control studies? |
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Definition
1) Relies on recall (recall bias)
2) Can't estimate prevalence
3) No temporality established
4) Low quality of data |
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Term
| Weaknesses of prospective cohort studies? |
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Definition
1) Expensive
2) Impractical for rare disorders
3) Long time period, lost to f/u problems |
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Term
| What are the three populations of interest in an epi study? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target population? |
|
Definition
| The group to which results are to be generalized |
|
|
Term
| What are two major types of epi study designs? |
|
Definition
1) Experimental
2) Observational |
|
|
Term
| Examples of experimental epi designs? |
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Definition
| Clinical trials, randomized controlled studies |
|
|
Term
| Examples of observational epi designs? |
|
Definition
1) Retrospective cohort design
2) Prospective cohort design
3) Case-control study |
|
|
Term
| Who is being compared in a cohort study? |
|
Definition
| The exposed vs. the unexposed |
|
|
Term
| Who is being compared in a case-control study? |
|
Definition
| Diseased (cases) vs. Non-diseased (non-cases) |
|
|
Term
| Selection of control differences between nested case-control and case cohort |
|
Definition
| Case may serve as previous control in NCC, but only if in the subcohort for the CC. |
|
|
Term
| Outcome measures comparing nested case-control and case cohort? |
|
Definition
NCC = Only one outcome
CC = Multiple outcomes are available |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence estimates available in nested case-control vs. case cohort |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some major obstacles in a genetic family study? |
|
Definition
1) Ascertainment
2) Lack of independence among family members
3) Variable age of onset |
|
|
Term
| What is pairwise concordance? |
|
Definition
| The # of concordants/ total # of pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The % agreement in trait values among pairs of relatives |
|
|
Term
| What are violations to the Hardy-Weinberg law? |
|
Definition
1. Non random mating
2. Mutation
3. Selection
4. Migration
5. Genetic drift |
|
|
Term
| What is probandwise concordance? |
|
Definition
| # probands in concordant pairs/#probands in concordant pairs + probands in discordant pairs |
|
|
Term
| What are limitations to twin studies? |
|
Definition
1. Placentation
2. Diff. parental treatment
3. Diff. environmental exposures |
|
|
Term
| Who developed an IQ scale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What study showed a difference between memory formation in PD and AD? What did it show? |
|
Definition
| Sergio and colleagues (2005) - AD had a problem with memory retrieval, while PD had a problem with memory encoding |
|
|
Term
| What type of dementia is the most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disorder has the strongest genetic link? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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