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| The written and other recorded events by people |
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| Scientists who examine objects to learn about past peoples and cultures |
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| The study of Earth's surface and the processes that shape it |
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| A term that refers both to modern humans and to earlier groups that may have included ancestors or relatives of modern humans |
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| People who have no settled home |
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| To adapt wild plants or tame wild animals and to breed them for human use |
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| Supplying land with water from another place using a network of canals |
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| A worker who is especially skilled in crafting items by hand |
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| A society that has cities, a central government run by official leaders, and workers who specialize in various jobs |
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| A region in Southwest Asia that was the site of the world's first civilizations |
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| A city that is also a separate, independent state |
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| A traditional story; in some cultures, a legend that explains people's beliefs |
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| Groups of travelers journeying together |
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| A market selling different kinds of goods |
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| Groups of wedges and lines used to write several languages of the Fertile Crescent |
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| A large waterfall; any strong flood or rush of water |
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| A plain at the mouth of a river |
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| Fine soil found on river bottoms |
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| The title of the kings of ancient Egypt |
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| A series of rulers from the same family or ethnic group |
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| Someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule |
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| A dead body preserved in lifelike condition |
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| A huge building with four sloping triangle-shaped sides; built as royal tombs in Egypt |
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| An ancient Egyptian city; the site of the Great Pyramid |
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| Pictures and other written symbols that stand for ideas, things, or sounds |
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| An early form of paper made from a reed plant found in the marshy areas of the Nile delta; the plant used to make this paper |
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| Scientists who study the stars and other objects in the sky |
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| A large landmass that juts out from a continent |
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| Strong winds that blow across the region at certain times of the year |
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| To move from one place to settle in another area |
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| A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything |
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| A representation of a Hindu god or goddess in human or animal form |
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| The rebirth of the soul in the body of another living being |
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| The religious and moral duties of Hindus |
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| To focus the mind inward in order to find spiritual awareness or relaxation |
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| The lasting peace that Buddhists seek by giving up selfish desires |
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| A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others |
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| To change one's beliefs; in particular, to change from one religion to another |
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| The acceptance of differences |
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| A Chinese philosopher and teacher; originator of Confucianism; greatly influenced Chinese life |
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| A system of beliefs and values |
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| The kind of money used by a group or a nation |
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| An ancient trade route between China and Europe |
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| A valuable cloth originally made only in China |
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| An area of land surrounded by water on three sides |
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| A high, rocky hill where early people built structures to protect them from attack |
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| A member of a rich and powerful family |
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| A ruler who seized power by force |
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| A form of government in which citizens govern themselves |
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| Payments made to Athens by its allies, added to its wealth |
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| Sacred sites where it was believed the gods spoke |
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| Believed that people could use the powers of their mind and reason to understand natural events |
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| A serious story that usually ends in disaster for the main character |
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| A city-state in ancient Greece |
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| A public market and meeting place |
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| The condition of being owned by someone else |
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| A city-state in southern Greece |
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| Slaves owned by the city-state of Sparta |
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| A conflict between Athens and Sparta that lasted for 27 years |
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| An action taken to isolate the enemy and cut off its supplies |
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| The king of Macedonia from 356 to 323 B.C.; conquerer of Persia and Egypt and invader of India |
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| A type of government in which citizens who have the right to vote select their leaders |
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| A member of a wealthy, upper-class family in the Roman Republic |
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| An ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman Republic |
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| One of two officials who led the ancient Roman Republic |
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| The rejection of any planned action or rule by a person in power; the Latin word for "forbid" |
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| A ruler who has total control of the government |
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| A unit of an empire; in the Roman Empire, each one having a governor supported by an army |
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| A large arena built in Rome around A.D. 70; site of contests and combats between people and animals |
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| A structure that carries water over long distances |
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| A curved structure used as a support over an open space, as in a doorway |
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| An official count of people living in a place |
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| A country estate usually owned by a wealthy family; an important source of food and wealth for ancient Rome |
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| An arena in ancient Rome; also the show held there |
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| In ancient Rome, a person who fought to the death in an arena to entertain the public; usually a slave |
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| A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier |
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| Referring to the Middle Ages |
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| A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord |
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| A farm worker considered part of the manor on which he or she worked |
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| Persons with authority to perform religious services |
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| Expelling someone from the church |
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| An unpaid person training in a craft or trade |
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| The code of honorable conduct for knights |
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| A traveling poet and musician of the Middle Ages |
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| A series of military expeditions launched by Christian Europeans to win the Holy Land back from Muslim control |
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| A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews |
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