Term
| To make an identical image, the large crystal will require what amount of radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To made an identical image, the small crystal will require what amount of radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The detail of the large crystal would be described as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The detail of the smaller crystal would be described as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fast screen require a smaller or larger exposure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow screens require a larger or smaller exposure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary purpose of an intensifying screen? |
|
Definition
| To reduce the amount of radiation needed to produce a radiograph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An artifact seen with extremely fast screens that are so so sensitive. Inconsistent fluoresence from the phosphor layer results in spotty, moth eaten appearance. |
|
|
Term
| T/F-Approximately 75% of the exposure recorded on a film is due to the light emitted from the intensifying screens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F--A cassette must not maintain close contact between the intensifying screens and the film. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F--The primary function of the intensifying screen is to reduce the amount of radiation exposure required to produce a diagnostic radiograph. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Faster screen speeds require a small exposure and produce less detail; slow screens require a larger exposure and produce greater detail. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F--Screens must be cleaned regularly. Dirt and hair on the screen can cause radiographic artifacts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F--X-ray film is manufactured in only one speed and by one manufacturer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The conversion of x-radiation into visible light occurs via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To absorb backscatter, the back of most cassettes is lined with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intensifying screens allow: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main advantage of today's rare earth coated intensifying screens is: |
|
Definition
| They have a higher x-ray to light conversion efficiency |
|
|
Term
| T/F--Non-screen film requires greater exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A processed film that has not been exposed to ionizing radiation or visible light will appear: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the appropriate storage conditions for radiographic film? |
|
Definition
| 10-15C; 40% to 60% humidity; vertical |
|
|
Term
| What film-screen system is most commonly used in veterinary medicine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the intensifying screen? |
|
Definition
1) Protective coat
2) Emulsion
3) Reflective
4) Base |
|
|
Term
| What type of crystals are in the intensifying screen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers in the x-ray film? |
|
Definition
1) Protective coat
2) Emulsion
3) Base
4) Emulsion
5) Protective coat |
|
|
Term
| What type of crystals are in the x-ray film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When radiographing a long bone, what should be included to ensure proper positioning? Give an example |
|
Definition
The joint above and the joint below
Femur: Acetabulum and knee |
|
|
Term
| When radiographing a joint, what should be included to ensure proper positioning? Give an example including landmarks. |
|
Definition
1/3 of the bone above and below
Elbow: 1/3 of the humerus and 1/3 of the radius and ulna |
|
|
Term
| In a cranial/caudal view of an extremity, which side of the cassette should the L/R marker be placed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long grey scale contrast is good for what two views? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Short grey scale contrast is good for what views? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how a V/D abdominal radiograph should be placed on the view box? |
|
Definition
Head towards the top
The right side should be on the left as if you're looking at them |
|
|
Term
| What are the two questions that you have to ask when you are deciding on the quality of a radiograph? |
|
Definition
1) Too light/too dark?
2) Is there adequate penetration? |
|
|
Term
| How do you decide if there is adequate penetration on a film? |
|
Definition
| If you can see the outlines of the organs visualized |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a one-time artifact and a repeating artifact? Give examples of each. |
|
Definition
One-time: specific to that particular radiograph, i.e. wet hair, scratch on film
Repeating: Something wrong with the cassette |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the instrument used to measure an area's thickness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the area or extremity of interest have to be closest to the cassette? |
|
Definition
| The further away it is from the cassette, the more it will be distorted. |
|
|
Term
| What steps would you take to prepare a patient for an abdominal radiograph? |
|
Definition
1) Withhold food for 8-12 hours
2) Allow animal to defecate before taking film or give an enema |
|
|
Term
| Name three positional aids you can use to aid in patient restraint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (2x thickness of body part being imaged)+40 |
|
|
Term
| In regards to intensifying screens the statement is true. The larger the crystal, the more or less light is admitted. But, the larger the crystal, the detail of the image increases or decreases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does a fast intensifying screen require more or less exposure to produce an image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the latent image on an x-ray film? When does it become visible? |
|
Definition
The invisible image on a film that has been exposed to radiation, but not developed.
After it has been processed. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the 3 x 7 area on the corner of a cassette that blocks x-rays from the film? |
|
Definition
| To leave a place on the film to put the label |
|
|
Term
| When describing film speed, fast film has large or small silver halide crystals that require more or less exposure, but produces a grainy image with increased or decreased detail. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In manual processing, what are the contents of the three tanks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In film processing, what are the five steps to processing, in order? |
|
Definition
1) Developer
2) Rinse
3) Fix
4) Wash
5) Dry |
|
|
Term
| Which crystal requires more radiation exposure to emit the same amount of light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which crystal would produce a more grainy image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which crystal would be considered slow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which crystal would produce an image of great detail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List four advantages of automatic processing. |
|
Definition
1) faster processing time
2) easier
3) less contact with chemicals
4) fewer errors |
|
|
Term
| T/F--It is mandated by the Department of Natural Resources to recover the silver contained in exhausted developer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the required information that must be included on a radiograph's label. |
|
Definition
1) Patient name
2) Owner name
3) Date
4) Clinic name
5) R/L markers |
|
|
Term
| A chemical solution that converts the latent image on a film to a visable image by converting the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lightproof encasement designed to hold x-ray film and intensifying screens in close contact. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which the unexposed sliver halide crystals are removed from the film and the gelatin is hardened. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A solution (usually water) used to remove excess developer solution before the film is placed in the fix tank. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A layer of radiographic film made of gelatin containing suspended silver halide crystals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tendency of a luminescent compound to continue to give off light after x-radiation has stopped. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sheets of luminescent phosphor crystals bound together and mounted on a cardboard or plastic base. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An artifact of faster screens that result in density variation due to random spatial distribution of the phosphor crystals within the screen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A compound of silver and bromine, chlorine, or iodine, all of which are in the halogen group of elements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A device made of lead strips embedded in a spacing material to absorb scatter radiation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Variation in normal size and shape of anatomic structures due to their position in relation to the x-ray source and film. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount the exposure needs to be increased to compensate for the grid's absorption of a portion of the primary beam. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To get more density on a film, you should do what to the kVp and mAs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The grid with a ratio of 10:1 absorbs |
|
Definition
| More scatter radiation and require greater exposure factors than a 5:1 grid |
|
|
Term
| Grid cut-off can be described as |
|
Definition
| Incorrect use of the grid so that the grid absorbs more radiation than it should |
|
|
Term
| Elongation and foreshortening of anatomic structure are associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A table top (non-grid) technique is used to radiograph an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To prevent geometric distortion when performing a radiograph, which of the following guidelines should be followed? |
|
Definition
| The primary x-ray beam should be perpendicular to the object of interest and the patient positioned parallel to the film. |
|
|
Term
| Table-top exposures can usually be made under what circumstance? |
|
Definition
| When the object of interest is less than 10cm thick. |
|
|
Term
| Extremity radiographs should be taken with the film cassettes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of electrons produced by the filament is controlled by which exposure setting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When radiographing a distal extremity a _____ scale of contrast is best. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would do the most to minimize scatter radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The crystals of high speed screens as compared to similar type of screens are... |
|
Definition
| Bigger and there is less detail |
|
|
Term
| The main advantage of fast speed screens and films is that... |
|
Definition
| lower exposure factors can be used |
|
|
Term
| If using rare earth screens, what spectrum of light must the film be sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause a series of parallel white lines on the developed radiograph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most x-ray film cassettes now have what kind of screens that glow when irradiated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are looking at a film that is totally clear except for a bit of black along the edges. Your film has not been... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The remaining silver halide crystals from exposed x-ray film are removed in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would cause the image on a processed x-ray film to be fogged? |
|
Definition
| Film stored in an area of high room temperature |
|
|
Term
| Non-screen film would most likely be used to take which type of radiograph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F--Fast film requires more exposure by x-rays. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F--Films should be stored in boxes, flat, in a horizontal position. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An x-ray film exposed to x-ray or visible light radiation and developed would appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An x-ray film accidentally developed before exposure to radiation appears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A new x-ray film taken directly from the box appears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum distance in feet that a safelight in the darkroom should be away from the work site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If using both blue and green sensitive film, what type of safelight should you use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main purpose of x-ray developer is to... |
|
Definition
| convert the exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver |
|
|
Term
| What mA would you select if you want a 5 mAs and your time is set at 1/60th second? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be the maximum intensity of the bulb in a safelight in the developing room? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Safelight fogging on a radiograph appears as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pH of the fixer chemicals is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The purpose of the fixer is to... |
|
Definition
| Clear unexposed silver halide crystals from film |
|
|
Term
| The ideal temperature of the chemicals for manual processing is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases radiographic density? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What radiograph should have the shortest scale of contrast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the grid located? |
|
Definition
| Between the patient and the cassette |
|
|
Term
| Which grid ratio can absorb more scatter radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To prevent magnification and distortion of the object being radiographed, the patient must be... |
|
Definition
| As parallel to the film as possible and be as close to the film as possible |
|
|
Term
| The conversion of x-radiation into visible light occurs via: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three legally valid methods of labeling a radiograph? |
|
Definition
1) Lead impregnated tape
2) Lead marker
3) Photoimprinting label system |
|
|
Term
| Any body part exceeding this measurement requires the use of a grid to reduce fog-producing scatter radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the author of the book, when developing a variable kVp technique chart, kilovoltage should be increased or decreased by increments of ____ for each centimeter measurement up to 80 kVp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition may require decreasing the mAs to account for increased radiographic density? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a radiograph is too light after taking a view of the lateral abdomen, what change may be recommended? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compared to the abdomen, how much mAs does a quality view of the pelvis require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A grid with a ratio of 12:1 will be used with the machine at your clinic. How does this affect the generation of your variable kVp chart? |
|
Definition
| Need to add 10-15 to the sum of Santes' rule. |
|
|
Term
| A radiograph in front of you appears dark. You note that the bones are gray. You are best to do what for the next radiograph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are looking at a radiograph that appears gray overall. This is best described as a... |
|
Definition
| Low contrast film with many steps but few changes between each step |
|
|
Term
| You have taken a radiograph using 10mAs and 60 kVp. To double the radiographic density for a second film, you should use? |
|
Definition
| 200 ma, 1/10th second, 60 kVp |
|
|
Term
| If a radiograph is too light and under-penetrated you should... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a radiograph is too dark and has adequate penetration you should... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a film is too light and has adequate pentration you should... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a film is too dark and over-penetrated you should... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When evaluating a film you note that the film is too light. You then determine that the film does not have adequate penetration. The best adjustment to make when repeating the film would be to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When altering mAs or kVp settings to improve a radiograph, what guidelines regarding incremental changes are appropriate when making adjustments? |
|
Definition
| kVp should be changed 10-15% and mAs should be changed 30-50% |
|
|
Term
| You note that a film is too dark. There is minimal contrast. What is the most appropriate adjustment to be made to improve the quality of the repeat film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique is in reference to the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique means that the x-ray beam is directed at the... |
|
Definition
| Dorsal limb aspect and the film is against the lateral side of the limb |
|
|
Term
| The peripheral borders for an elbow radiograph are |
|
Definition
| 1/3 of radius/ulna and 1/3 of the humerus |
|
|
Term
| List four factors that affect screen speed. |
|
Definition
1) Crystal size
2) Thickness of phosphor layer
3) Reflective layer efficiency
4) Dyes in the phosphor layer |
|
|
Term
| To determine if an animal had an ununited anconeal process, the veterinarian would want you to x-ray the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The palmer surface of the forelimb refers to... |
|
Definition
| the caudal surface of the forelimb distal to the carpus |
|
|
Term
| When naming a radiographic view what best describes a DMPaLO f the carpus? |
|
Definition
| The beam eneters the dorsal medial surface of the carpus and exits the palmar/lateral surface |
|
|
Term
| Heavy lines on radiograph are most likely due to.. |
|
Definition
| Roller marks from automatic processor. |
|
|
Term
| When problem solving the possible source of artifacts on film, a tech might attribute a yellowing of radiographic film to... |
|
Definition
| Incomplete washing of processing chemicals |
|
|
Term
| A technician notes that there are equally spaced, heavy lines on a radiographic film. What is most likely to have caused this artifact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The technique chart should be modified by increasing the mAs by 50% for which patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a dosimetry device and how does it work? |
|
Definition
| It's a badge, ring, card device that measures the amount of radiation exposure. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways that technicians are exposed to radiation? |
|
Definition
1) Scatter radiation
2) Primary beam
3) Faulty equipment |
|
|
Term
| What is the upper limit of exposure that an occupationally exposed individual may receive according to state and federal regulations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scatter radiation depends on what three things? |
|
Definition
1) The intensity of the beam
2) The composition of the structure being radiographed
3) Kilovoltage levels |
|
|
Term
| The most conclusive method used to inspect lead-lined gloves and aprons for cracks and defects is? |
|
Definition
| Taking a radiograph of it |
|
|
Term
| Ways to decrease the number of personnel in the radiology suite include? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ways to increase the penetrating power of x-rays include: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mAs for 1000 mA and 1/10th second is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The source image distance... |
|
Definition
| must be considered every time the control panel is set |
|
|
Term
| One percentage of the energy produced at the anode is n the form of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The temperature of the filament within the cathode is controlled by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is a characteristic of x-rays? |
|
Definition
| The intensity increases as SID decreases |
|
|
Term
| The potential difference between the anode and the cathode is measured in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A higher kVp setting allows for a _____ mAs and _____ exposure time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kVp describes the quality or quantity of the x-ray beam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mA describes the quality or quantity of the x-ray beam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best combination of the three radiology factors? |
|
Definition
High kVp
Low mA
Short time exposure |
|
|
Term
| What is the standard SID or FFD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the image in detail and intensity when the SID is decreased? |
|
Definition
| More detail, more intensity |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the image in detail and intensity when that distance is increased? |
|
Definition
| Less detail, less intensity |
|
|
Term
| To get a good quality spinal radiograph, two things must happen. What are they? |
|
Definition
1) Spine parallel to the tabletop
2) Verterbral disc spaces perpendicular to the tabletop |
|
|
Term
| List two methods used to create a good quality spinal radiograph. |
|
Definition
1) Positional aids
2) Manual extension |
|
|
Term
| What are the four views for cervical spine? |
|
Definition
1) V/D extended
2) Lateral
3) Flexed
4) Hyperextended |
|
|
Term
| An important radiographic aid used during lateral cervical radiographs is? |
|
Definition
| A radiolucent positioner under the midcervical region |
|
|
Term
| Where do you center for a lateral T-L spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you measure for a lateral T-L spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are your cranial and caudal landmarks for a lateral T-L spine? |
|
Definition
Cranial: xyphoid
Caudal: Last rib |
|
|
Term
| Where do you center a V/D T-L spine? Measure? |
|
Definition
Center: T-L junction
Measure: 7th rib |
|
|
Term
| What are your cranial and caudal landmarks for V/D T-L spine? |
|
Definition
Cranial: xyphoid
Caudal: last rib |
|
|
Term
| How many people are required to perform large animal radiology procedures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of each person? |
|
Definition
Handler
X-ray cassette holder
Someone to work the x-ray machine |
|
|
Term
| What are the three sources of motion in large animal radiology? |
|
Definition
1) X-ray cassette
2) X-ray machine
3) Animal |
|
|
Term
| Because of their low kVp output capabilities, what three areas of large animals are not capable of being taken with a portable unit? |
|
Definition
1) Thorax
2) Abdomen
3) Pelvis |
|
|
Term
| List three retraint methods besides sedation used in large animal radiology? |
|
Definition
1) Halter and rope
2) Twitch
3) Lift one leg (opposite of extremity being radiographed) |
|
|
Term
| List ten uses for diagnostic ultrasound in veterinary medicine. |
|
Definition
1) Diagnose bladder wall inflammation
2) Visualize thyroid
3) Visualize kidneys
4) Visualize prostate
5) Visualize spleen
6) Check liver for changes in density that would indicate a problem
7) Detect pregnancy
8) Check for tendon issues
9) Guided fine needle aspirate
10) Echocardiography |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between diagnostic ultrasound and therapeutic ultrasound? |
|
Definition
| Diagnostic produces an image using the differing intensities of returning echos while therapeutic is used to heat tissue and bone to promote healing. |
|
|
Term
| Name three organs/bones/structures that ultrasound is best designed for? |
|
Definition
1) Kidney
2) Spleen
3) Prostate |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in technology used between ultrasound and conventional radiology? |
|
Definition
| Ultrasound uses sound waves to produce an image while x-rays use ionizing radiation |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in information gained between ultrasound and conventional radiology? |
|
Definition
| Ultrasound allows you to see density of tissue, gives real-time viewing of motion, more detailed images of fluid-filld organs and soft tissue as well as providing information about function. X-rays provide a 2D image of general outlines of organs |
|
|
Term
| How does therapeutic ultrasound work? |
|
Definition
| It uses sound waves to heat muscle/soft tissue by 3F, bone by 4F causing increased cellular metabolic rate, vasodilation, enhanced tissue healing and breakdown of scar tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are three circumstances where therapeutic ultrasound should be avoided? |
|
Definition
1) Neoplasia
2) Over growing bones
3) Eyes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between a high frequency transducer and a low frequency transducer. |
|
Definition
Frequency used: High-increased, Low-decreased
Penetrating Depth: High-decreased, Low-increased
Resolution: High increased, Low decreased |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a pulse wave transducer and a continuous wave transducer? |
|
Definition
| Pulse contains one transducer that sends out a sound wave, then must wait for the echo before sending out another. Continuous has two transducers, so one can be sending out pulses while the other always listens for echos. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearances in the display modes of a ultrasound image. |
|
Definition
A mode: Amplitude; spikes on a graph
B mode: Brightness; 2D image of grey-scale
M mode: Motion; continuous view of a thin slice of an organ over a period of time |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of coupling gel? |
|
Definition
| Coupling gel eliminates air between the transducer and patient since air would bounce back the sound waves. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the positioning for a left lateral oblique film? |
|
Definition
| Patient in right lateral recumbancy with skull obliqued 30-40 degrees, mouth open |
|
|
Term
| Describe the labeling for a left lateral oblique film of the skull. |
|
Definition
| Label the mandible that is closer to the top of the film |
|
|
Term
| In ultrasound, air ____ sound. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ transmits sound with little attenuation or reflection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineral and metals are highly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air and bone have_______ acoustic impedance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the forcing of substances (topical or injectable meds) through the skin and into the underlying tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lateral oblique view of the tympanic bullae requires placing the _____side of the skull closest to the cassette. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ lateral recumbency for left obliques. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ lateral recumbency for right obliques. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bladder stone is hyperchoic. What type of image does this project on the ultrasound monitor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A urine filled bladder is usually best classified as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ultrasound term that means few echos are detected and the area is a low-level grey compared with the surrounding tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes a high frequency ultrasound unit transducer? |
|
Definition
| Increase resolution and decreases penetration |
|
|
Term
| The best view for tympanic bullae is? |
|
Definition
| Open-mouthed rostrocaudal |
|
|
Term
| For a D/V view of the skull you should center the primary beam? |
|
Definition
| Between the lateral canthi on sagital crest |
|
|
Term
| A lateral skull radiograph should be... |
|
Definition
| done on anesthetized patients only |
|
|
Term
| A single piece of sound information related to the intensity of the signal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uniform number of echos throughout such as a normal liver or testicle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Misrepresentation of information such as enhancement or shadowing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Without echoes, or the lack of density in a structure, such as fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesser number of echos when compared to surrounding tissue such as a tumor with necrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The conversion of electrical energy to ultrasound or acoustic energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The loss of intensity of the ultrasound wave as it travels through tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lack of echos below a reflective area like bone or air because the sound waves do not penetrate and are reflected back up to the transducer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue equal in appearance to that of surrounding tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ability of a living tissue to resist or block the transmission of sound. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lateral Skull
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: thickest point of the cranium
Center: lateral canthus of the eye
Cranial: tip of nose
Caudal: base of skull |
|
|
Term
V/D skull
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: lateral canthi
Center: between lateral canthi
Cranial landmark: tip of nose
Caudal landmark: base of skull |
|
|
Term
D/V skull
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: thickest point of cranium
Center: between lateral canthi
Cranial: tip of nose
Caudal: base of skull |
|
|
Term
| Describe the differences in patient prep for a large animal radiograph than a small animal radiograph. |
|
Definition
Shoes should be removed
Overgrown hooves should be trimmed
Clean sole of foot and pack with radiolucent material
Make sure hair is clean and dry |
|
|
Term
| Name two positioning devices used in extremities of large animal radiology to compensate for the height of the primary beam exiting the unit. |
|
Definition
1) Block
2) Manual cassette holder |
|
|
Term
| Long grey scale contast is good for what two views? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Short grey scale contrast is good for what views? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motion is a common artifact in large animal radiology, give three patient examples of ways it can be managed. |
|
Definition
1) Lift opposite leg of the one being radiographed
2) Lightly sedate
3) Use proper restraint techniques |
|
|
Term
| Which of the three exposure factors can be manipulated to control motion artifacts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the perfect combination of exposer factors that is most effective in radiology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two common causes of a radiograph that has turned yellow? |
|
Definition
1) Improper storage
2) Age without the chemicals having been thoroughly washed off |
|
|
Term
| Describe correct positioning for an OFA V/D extended pelvis view. Include positioning, anatomy, and appearance of a finished film. |
|
Definition
| V/D in v-trough with hind legs extended and stifles luxated medially so that the patellas sit between the femoral condyles. Hind legs should be parallel to each other and to the cassette. Pelvis should look like a mirror image on each side with the tail taped flat between the legs. View should be from top of the ilium to past the stifle joint so film should include pelvis, femurs, and stifles. Finished film should look square. |
|
|
Term
| What steps would you take to prepare a patient for an abdominal radiograph? |
|
Definition
| Withhold food for 12-24 hours, give an enema one hour before radiographing and take for a long walk to allow for a good bowel movement before x-ray. |
|
|
Term
| Thoracic films are taken at what point in the respiratory cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abdominal films are taken at what point in the respiratory cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of taking a right lateral thorax? |
|
Definition
| Elongates the cardiac silhouette |
|
|
Term
| TO radiograph soft tissues like abdomens and thorax's, a specific combination of technique factors are required. What are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of taking a left lateral thorax? |
|
Definition
| Gives a better view of the lung field |
|
|
Term
| What information do BIPS provide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What information do BIPS not provide? |
|
Definition
| View of intestinal lining or mucosal surfaces |
|
|
Term
| All artifacts appear as clear or white marks on film, except? |
|
Definition
| Crimping or folding of the film |
|
|
Term
| Positive contrast media are considered to be? |
|
Definition
| Radiopaque, which means it will be white on a processed film |
|
|
Term
| The tri-iodinated compound that is least irritating to the GI tissues and has less toxicity is the? |
|
Definition
| Meglumine diatrizoic salt |
|
|
Term
| The positive contrast compound that is not diluted by secrestions or absorbed through the intestines is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The veterinarian suspects a perforation of the small bowel in a 9 year old German Shephard and wishes to confirm her diagnosis via a special positive contrast study. She asks you to use what agent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiography consists of a bolus injection of iodinated contrast media into the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An intravenous pyelogram is also referred to as a(n)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A specialy study that involves the use of a negative contrast media is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What information can a BIPS study provide? |
|
Definition
| Information about gastric transit time |
|
|
Term
| When performing a double-contrast study of a cat's bladder the veterinarian expresses hematuria. She decides not to perform a double contrast study. Why? |
|
Definition
| She is concerned about vascular integrity and resultant room air embolism with the negative contrast agent |
|
|
Term
| A Newfoundland is presented to the clinic for an upper GI study. The veterinarian suspects an intramural tumor in the small intestine and requires excellent mucosal detail on the films. What contrast agent will most likely be selected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In large animal radiology, what is the purpose of raising the limb opposite to the limb being radiographed? |
|
Definition
| Restricts patient's movement |
|
|
Term
| How does spillage of contrast media on the cassette or tabletop cause artifacts? |
|
Definition
| Prevents x-rays from reaching the film properly |
|
|
Term
| When is a V/D frog leg pelvic view an appropriate choice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dog is lying in left lateral recumbancy for a pelvis radiograph. The right femur will be... |
|
Definition
| More magnified because of decreased FFD and increased OFD |
|
|
Term
| The femurs in a V/D hip dysplasia view appear foreshortened. This is likely due to not having the... |
|
Definition
| Femurs parallel to the table |
|
|
Term
| Which views must be taken to properly perform a throracic metastasis check on a patient with mammary adenocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
| Right and left lateral view and a V/D or D/V view |
|
|
Term
| Why is a right lateral view of the abdomen preferred over a left lateral view? |
|
Definition
| To allow better separation of the kidneys |
|
|
Term
Thorax lateral
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: Caudal edge of the scapula
Center: Caudal border of the scapula
Cranial: Thoracic inlet
Caudal: Xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
Thorax V/D
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: Caudal edge of the scapula
Center: Caudal border of the scapula
Cranial: Thoracic inlet
Caudal: Xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
Thorax D/V
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: Caudal edge of the scapula
Center: Caudal border of the scapula
Cranial: Thoracic inlet
Caudal: Xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
Abdomen Lateral
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: Last rib
Center: 2-3 fingers caudal to last rib
Cranial landmark: xiphoid process
Caudal back of the ischium |
|
|
Term
Abdomen V/D
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: last rib
Center: 2-3 fingers caudal to the last rib
Cranial: xiphoid process
Caudal: back of the ischium |
|
|
Term
Pelvis lateral
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Top?
Caudal landmark?
Bottom? |
|
Definition
Measure: greater trochanter
Center: greater trochanter
Cranial: 2-3 lumbar spine
Top: dorsal part of patient
Caudal: back of ischium
Bottom: mid-femur |
|
|
Term
Pelvis V/D extended
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: greater trochanter
Center: greater trochanter
Cranial: top of ilium
Caudal: past stifle joints |
|
|
Term
Front extremity: Radius/Ulna
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: at elbow or thickest part
Center: at midpoint of radius/ulna or at area of interest
Cranial: include elbow
Caudal: include carpus |
|
|
Term
Front extremity-Lateral
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: at elbow or thickest part
Center: at midpoint of radius/ulna or at area of interest
Cranial: include elbow
Caudal: include carpus |
|
|
Term
Rear extremity-Lateral Tarsus joint
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: tarsus joint
Center: mid-metatarsus
Cranial: 1/3 of the bone above
Caudal: end of phalanges |
|
|
Term
Rear extremity-D/Pa tarsus joint
Measure?
Center?
Cranial landmark?
Caudal landmark? |
|
Definition
Measure: tarsus joint
Center: mid-metatarsus
Cranial: 1/3 of the bone above
Caudal: end of phalanges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appears black or dark grey on finished film; negative contrast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appears white on finished film; positive contrast |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of using contrast medias? |
|
Definition
| It shows the lining of the mucosal surfaces and can show obstructions and perforations |
|
|
Term
| Give two examples of positive contrast. |
|
Definition
1) Barium sulfate
2) Meglumine diatrozoic salt |
|
|
Term
| Give two examples of negative contrast. |
|
Definition
1) Oxygen
2) Nitrous oxide |
|
|
Term
| What is a disadvantage or complication of using barium? |
|
Definition
| It is not absorbed by the body so if it enters the abdomen or chest it will stay there and can act as a foreign body. |
|
|
Term
| What is the disadvantage of using iodine preps? |
|
Definition
| They dilute as they pass through the GI system because they pull fluid from the tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What is a disadvantage or complication of using negative contrasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a double contrast study and where one might possibly be used? |
|
Definition
| Put positive contrast material into area of interest, then remove it and put negative contrast material in; bladder |
|
|
Term
| What are BIPS and what information do they provide? |
|
Definition
| Barium infused polyethelene; gastric transit time |
|
|
Term
| In what circumstance would you not want to take a V/D film? |
|
Definition
| If the animal is having respiratory distress |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between and OFA film and a PennHip pelvic film? |
|
Definition
| OFA uses two views-lateral and extended V/D while PennHipp uses three-distraction, compression, and extended V/D to measure for joint laxity |
|
|
Term
| What is a physical property of x-rays? |
|
Definition
| They travel in straight lines |
|
|
Term
| As the wavelength of x-ray photons shortens, then energy of the x-ray beam will? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X-rays are formed on the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When positioning an animal for radiographs it is best to place the thicker portion of the patient toward the _____ end of the tube to produce a radiograph with uniform density. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F-Portable x-ray units have a rotating anode tube and a single focal spot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As x-rays pass through materials, they have the ability to? |
|
Definition
Cause some substances to fluoresce
Completely remove an electron from an atom, leaving the atom positively charged
Cause chemical changes that can kill cells |
|
|
Term
| During an exposure, electrons in the x-ray tube travel from the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To produce x-rays a great deal of energy in an x-ray tube is converted into heat. The ratio of heat generated to x-ray production is considered to be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X-rays are formed on the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A small filament and a small focal spot produces an image of? |
|
Definition
| Greater detail than a large filament |
|
|
Term
| The heel effect is going to be more noticeable with? |
|
Definition
| Larger film, shorter FFD, and lower kVp |
|
|
Term
| What transformer in an x-ray machine controls the temperature of the filament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding the production of x-rays in the x-ray tube, the |
|
Definition
| Cathode includes the filament and focusing cup |
|
|
Term
| When depressing the "prep" switch on a rotating anode x-ray machine, you are effectively... |
|
Definition
| Heating up the filament and spinning the rotating anode |
|
|
Term
| Full wave rectification means that? |
|
Definition
| 120 pulses of x-rays are being produced per second |
|
|
Term
| The distance between the x-ray tibe and the film is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Focal film distance is also know as the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The spot on the tungsten target that te electron beam is aimed at |
|
|
Term
| A FFD that is too short causes the radiographed image to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a gloved hand visible on a radiograph. This is... |
|
Definition
| A real concern because the hand has been exposed to radiation |
|
|
Term
| The cells that are the most susceptible to the hazards or ionizing radiation are? |
|
Definition
| All the cells of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unit of radiation dose equivalent to the absorbed dose in tissue |
|
|
Term
| A radiation film badge worn at the collar level... |
|
Definition
| Monitors exposure of the thyroid gland and the lens of the eye |
|
|
Term
| If cracks are present in protective apparel, they appear _____ when radiographed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The workplace program that has been developed to ensure radiation exposures are kept as low as possible is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ALARA stand for? |
|
Definition
| As low as reasonably allowed |
|
|
Term
| The unit of absorbed does is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person younger than ___ years should not be involved in radiographic procedures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One sievert (Sv) equals... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Images are displayed in real time in what radiography techniques? |
|
Definition
| Ultrasound and fluoroscopy |
|
|
Term
| Dosimetry badges should not be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generally speaking when taking radiographs the veterinary technician should? |
|
Definition
| Maximize distance between herself and x-ray sources |
|
|
Term
| How often should chemical restraint be used during radiographic procedures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scatter radiation on a film is more noticeable if there is... |
|
Definition
| Higher kVp, thicker patient and larger field size |
|
|
Term
| The acceleration of the electrons and their ultimate striking energy is determined by the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exposure factor that is responsible for accelerating the electrons from the cathode to the anode is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The temperature of the cathode filament is controlled by what exposure factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sante's ruled is used to calculate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When taking radiographs you should, whenever possible, use |
|
Definition
| Decreased exposure time, increased distance from radiation source, and increased shielding |
|
|
Term
| If you were going to decrease the focal-film distance from 100cm to 50 cm, what would your new mAs be if the old mAs was 16? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because of the relationship between mA and mAs, as you increase the mA you can? |
|
Definition
| Decrease the length of exposure so that there is less chance of movement |
|
|
Term
| When evaluating a film you note that the film is "too light". You determine that the film does not have adequate penetration. The best adjustment to make would be to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who owns the radiographic record? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long legally should a radiograph be kept as part of the medical record? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can a radiograph be released to a client? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
| No, because it is a part of the medical record and is the legal property of the clinic that took it. |
|
|
Term
| Why must you take at least two views of every structure? |
|
Definition
| X-rays are 2D, so to get an accurate 3D representation you must have two views. |
|
|
Term
| List three methods that an x-ray tube will dissipate heat that is generated within the housing? |
|
Definition
1) Oil
2) Rotating anode
3) ? |
|
|
Term
| Describe the heel effect. |
|
Definition
| Because of the angle of the anode, the x-ray beam is tronger towards the cathode end of the machine. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the size of the focal spot will change the finished image. |
|
Definition
| The smaller the focal spot the more clear and defined the image. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main advantages of using a beam limiting device like the collimator? |
|
Definition
1) Avoid scatter
2) Clearer, sharper images |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of using three wave rectification? |
|
Definition
| Produces a more constant stream of electrons |
|
|
Term
| Non-image forming radiation that is scattered in all directions because of objects in the path of the x-ray beam. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A device made of lead strips embedded in a spacing material, placed between the patient and the film, designed to absorb non-image forming radiation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The measurable difference between two adjacent densities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A device used to measure the thickness of anatomic parts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The degree of blackness on a radiograph. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Related to thousands of volts. Describes the electrical potential between the cathode and the anode; it is responsible for accelerating the electrons from the cathode to the anode and relates the penetrating power of the x-rays. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One thousandth of an amperage. A measure of electron current to the filament, which has a direct relationship to the number of x-rays being produced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of radiation that occur to the genes of reproductive cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to the body induced by radiation that manifests within the lifetime of the recipient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Various methods used to measure radiation exposure to personnel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dose of radiation equivalent to the absorbed dose in tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The unit of absorbed dose imparted by ionizing radiations to matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A restricting device used to control the size of the primary beam |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of a low energy circuit in the cathode that, when heated, releases electrons from their orbits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A recessed area where the filament lies, directing the electrons toward the anode. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease of x-ray intensity on the anode side of the x-ray beam caused by the anode target angle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partial outer shadow of an object being imaged by illumination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ability of a substance to emit visible light. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bundle of radiant energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A visible photographic record on film produced by x-rays passing through an object. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The distance between two consecutive corresponding points on a wave. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A number of x-rays traveling together through space at a rapid speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A positively charged electrode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A negatively charged electrode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of changing alternating currects into a direct current. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mechanism consisting of an anode and cathode in a vacuum that produces a controlled x-ray beam. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the five subject contrasts that can be seen on a radiograph. |
|
Definition
1) Air
2) Bone
3) Metal
4) Liquid
5) Soft tissue |
|
|
Term
| What subject contrast has the most density? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What subject contrast appears the most black? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What subject contrast appears the most white? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The grid with a ratio of 10:1 absorbs... |
|
Definition
| more scatter radiation and requires greater exposure factors than a grid of 5:1 |
|
|
Term
| Grid cut-off can be described as? |
|
Definition
| Incorrect use of the grid so that the grid absorbs more radiation than it should. |
|
|
Term
| Elongation and foreshortening of anatomic structures are associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To prevent geometric distortion when performing a radiograph, what guidelines should be followed? |
|
Definition
| The primary x-ray beam should be perpendicular to the object of interest and the patient positioned parallel to the film. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A short scale of contrast |
|
|
Term
| What exposure factor increases radiographic density? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the grid located? |
|
Definition
| Between the patient and the cassette |
|
|
