Term
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Definition
| a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube |
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Definition
| a form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles |
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Definition
| a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on photographic film |
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Term
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Definition
| The science or study of radiation as used in medicine; a branch of medical science that deals with the use of x-rays, radioactive substances, and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a picture (visable photographic record) on film produced by the passage of x-rays through an object or body; also called x-ray film |
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Term
| What is the importance of radiographs? |
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Definition
| they give us the ability to see and diagnose conditions of the teeth and bones that we may not other wise see. |
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Term
| What information do radiographs help to detect? |
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Definition
| detect lesions, diseases, and conditions of the teeth and surrounding structures that cannot be identified clinically. |
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Term
| What can radiographs help to confirm? |
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Definition
| confirm or classify suspected disease |
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Term
| What do radiograhps help to localize? |
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Definition
| localize lesions or foreign objects |
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Term
| What type of information do radiographs help to provide? |
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Definition
| provide information during dental procedures (eg root canal therapy) |
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Term
| What can radiographs help to evaluate? |
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Definition
| evaluate growth and development |
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Term
| What do radiographs help us to illustrate? |
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Definition
| illustrate changes secondary to caries, periodontal disease, and trauma |
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Term
| What do radiographs help us to document? |
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Definition
| Document the condition of a patient at a specific point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| a stream of high speed electrons that originates from the cathode in an x-ray tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| the negative electrode in the x-ray tube; consists of a tungsten wire filament in a molybdenum cup; supplies the electrons necessary to generate x-rays |
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Term
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Definition
| a sealed glass tube from which most of the air has been evacuated |
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Term
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Definition
| the emission of a lowing light by certain substances when struck by a particular wavelength |
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Term
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Definition
| to emit visible light in the blue or green spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| an intraoral radiographic technique in which the interproximal surfaces of the teeth are examined. |
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Term
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Definition
| an intraoral radiographic technique used to expose periapical films: film is placed along lingual surface of tooth; central ray of x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to imaginary bisector formed by film and long axis of tooth; and film holder or patient's finger is used to stabilize film. |
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Term
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Definition
| an intraoral radiographic technique used to expose periapical films: film is placed parallel to long axis of tooth; central ray is directed perpendicular to film and long axis of tooth; and film holder must be used. |
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Term
| Who first discovered the x-ray in 1895? |
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Definition
| Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (ren ten) |
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Term
| what is the primary benefit of dental radiographs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of information might you see on a dental radiograph? |
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Definition
| missing teeth, extra teeth, impacted teeth, dental caries, periodontal disease, tooth abnormalities, retained roots, cysts and tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| skills that promote good relationships between individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| interpersonal skills used to ease communication an develop a trusting relationship |
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Term
| name some methods you can use for pt education |
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Definition
| you can talk to them, show them written brochures or other visual aids, show them their films, demonstrate on models etc |
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Term
| can a dental axillary answer questions about diagnosis? |
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Definition
| NO all questions about diagnosis must be answered by the dentist |
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Term
| are x-rays really necessary? |
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Definition
| yes, there are many diseases and conditions such as decay, gum disease, cysts and tumors that cannot be detected by visual inspection alone. |
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Term
| how much radiation does the pt get from dental x-rays? |
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Definition
| a very little amount and measures such as lead vests, thyroid collars and fast film all help to minimize the amount of radiation needed. The actual amount received will depend on the film speed, technique and exposure factors, but in general around 125 milliroentgens. |
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Term
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Definition
| No amount of radiation is safe. The benefit must outweigh the risk. In the case of dental x-rays, the risk of developing cancer from a dental x-ray is 3 in 1 million, where as the risk of spontaneously developing cancer is 3,300 in 1 million. |
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Term
| does an RDH need to obtain a separate radiology license? |
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Definition
| no, neither does a DDS, but non licensed employs (such as DAs) do |
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Term
| what are the 4 elements of patient informed consent? |
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Definition
1. the purpose of the procedure and who will perform it
2. the potential benefits of receiving the procedure
3. the possible risks involved in having the procedure performed, as well as the possible risks of not having it performed
4. opportunity for the patient to ask questions and obtain complete information |
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Term
| why are patient records important? |
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Definition
| complete dental records are important to ensure continuity of pt care and to provide legal documentation of pt condition. |
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Term
| what must you document when taking radiographs? |
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Definition
1. informed consent
2. number and type of radiographs exposed
3. rationale for exposing radiographs
4. diagnostic information obtained from interpretation of the radiographs |
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Term
| who owns the exposed radiographs? |
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Definition
| the owner of the practice, however the pt must be allowed to have a copy (extra fees may apply) |
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Term
| if a patient refuses to have radiographs taken can they still receive treatment? |
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Definition
| In most cases no. The dentist must decide whether an accurate diagnosis can be made and whether treatment can be provided. |
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Term
| name some possible routes of transmission |
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Definition
| direct, indirect, airborne |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that inhibits grown of pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| anything saturated with blood or saliva |
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Term
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Definition
| puncture through the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| any object that can puncture the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of infection control in which all human blood and certain body fluids are treated as know to be infectious with HIV, HBV, etc |
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Term
| what protective clothing is needed when taking radiographs? |
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Definition
| you must wear an appropriate covering such as a gown or lab coat as well as gloves, masks and eye protection. |
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Term
| where should you never place a film holder? |
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Definition
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Term
| how should you transport exposed film? |
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Definition
| in a cup that is clean on the outside. Never touch the outside of the cup with gloved hands |
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Term
| when opening an exposed film packet what precautions should you use? |
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Definition
| wear gloves to protect yourself, but do not touch film as packet is opened; dropped film into clean container. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to penetrate soft tissue or bone. MUST be sterilized! |
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Term
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Definition
| contact soft tissue or bone but do not penetrate. MUST be sterilized! |
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Term
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Definition
| do not come in contact with mucous membranes. Intermediate or low level disinfection |
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Term
| intermediate level disinfectants |
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Definition
| EPA registered chemical germicides labeled both hospital disinfectants and tuberculocidals |
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Term
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Definition
| labeled germicide or hospital disinfectant. General house keeping only! |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that occupies space and has mass |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of altered matter |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental unit of matter |
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Term
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Definition
dense core of the atom
* K shell is closest to the nucleus and has the highest energy |
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Term
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Definition
| located in nucleus of atom, has neutral charge |
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Term
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Definition
| located in nucleus of atom, has positive charge |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny, negatively charged particles that have very little mass, travels around nucleus in well defined paths known as orbits or shells. |
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Term
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Definition
| the attraction between protons and electrons. it keeps the electrons in their orbiting shells and is determined by the distance between the nucleus and that particular electron. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more atoms bound together |
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Term
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Definition
| the addition or removal of an electron from an atom. Changes the atom to an unstable, no longer neutral charge |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the production of ions. when an electron is removed from an atom an ion pair results. the pair contains one positive ion and one negative ion. The Ion pair reacts with other ions until electrically stable, neutral atoms are reformed. |
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Term
| radiation vs. radioactive |
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Definition
| radioactivity refers to unstable elements that exist naturally. Radiation is man made and controlled. |
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Term
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Definition
| radiation that is capable of producing ions. Can be classified into two groups: particulate radiation and electromagnetic radiation. |
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Term
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Definition
tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straigh lines at high speeds. Four types of particulate radiation are recognised:
1. electrons- beta particles or cathode rays
2. alpha particles
3. protons
4. neutrons |
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Term
| electromagnetic radiation |
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Definition
| propagation of wavelike energy without mass through space or matter. The energy is accompanied by oscillating electric and magnetic fields positioned at right angles to each other. |
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Term
| properties of electromagnetic radiation |
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Definition
- it has no mass or weight
- has no electrical charge
- travels at the speed of light travels as both a particle and a wave
- propagates an electric field at right angles to path of travel
- propagates a magnetic field at right angles to the electric field
- has different measurable energies (frequency and wavelength)
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Term
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Definition
- invisible and cannot be detected by any of the senses
- no mass or weight
- no electrical charge
- travel at the speed of light travel in waves and have short wavelengths with a high frequency
- travel in straight lines and can be deflected/scattered
- cannot be focused to a point and always diverge from a point
- can penetrate liquids, solids and gases. The composition of the substance determines whether the ray passes through or is absorbed.
- are absorbed by matter, amount depends on the structure and wavelength of ray
- interacts with materials and causes ionization
- causes certain substances to fluoresce or emit radiation in longer waveslengths
- can produce an image on photographic film
- causes biological changes in living cells
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Term
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Definition
| characterizes electromagnetic radiation as discrete bundles of energy called photons and quanta. |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of energy with no mass or weight that travel as waves at the speed of light and move through space in a straight line carrying the energy of electromagnetic radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| characterizes electromagnetic radiation as waves and focuses on the properties of velocity, wavelength and frequency |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next. wavelength determines the energy and penetrating power of the radiation; the shorter the distances between the crests, the shorter the wavelength and the higher the energy and ability to penetrate matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time. Frequency and wavelength are inversely related; if the frequency of the wave is high, the wavelength will be short |
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Term
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Definition
| high-energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation. x-rays have properties of both waves and particles. |
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Term
| what is the function of the insulating oil within the x-ray tube head? |
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Definition
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Term
| what controls are on the x-ray machine control panal? |
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Definition
on/off
exposure
time
kilovoltage
milliamperage |
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Term
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Definition
| the heart of the x-ray generating system. is a lead lined, glass vacuum tube containing a negative cathode and a positive anode. |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the transformer within the x-ray machine? |
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Definition
| to decrease or increase the voltage to heat the tungsten filament and move electrons across the x-ray tube anode towards the tungsten target. |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the aluminum disks within the tube head? |
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Definition
| to filter out low frequency wavelengths |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the lead collimator within the tube head? |
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Definition
| restricts the size of the x-ray beam to try and prevent divergence |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the position indicating device? |
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Definition
| it's a lead lined cylinder that aims and shapes the x-ray beam. some times referred to as the cone. |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the leaded glass housing? |
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Definition
| to prevent x-rays from going everywhere |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the tungsten filament, focuses electrons into narrow beam and directs the beam across the tube toward the tungsten target of the anode. |
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Term
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Definition
| a coiled wire made of tungsten which produces electrons when heated. |
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Term
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Definition
contains the tungsten target and copper stem
positive electrode, consists of a wafer thin tungsten plate embedded in a solid copper rod. converts electrons into x-ray photons. |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the anode, functions to dissipate the heat away from the tungsten target. |
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Term
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Definition
negative electrode
consists of a tungsten wire filament in a cup shaped holder made of molybdenum. Cathode supplies electrons necessary to generate x-rays. |
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Term
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Definition
| # of electrons moving through a conductor |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of electrical force that causes electrons to move from a neg pole to a pos pole |
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Term
| explain the process of electricity moving through the transformers of the x-ray machine |
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Definition
| First 220v comes in the machine and goes through the step down transformer and goes to 3-5v. It then heats the tungsten filament and electrons are boiled off. The current is next going through the step up transformer to go to 65-100kv and causes the ions to line up and go to the tungsten target. |
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Term
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Definition
| release of electrons from tungsten filament when electrical current passes through and heats filament. The outer shell electrons quire enough energy to move away and form a cloud. |
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Term
| what types of x-rays are produced? |
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Definition
| a variety of wavelengths are produced. 70% are general/braking radiation. 30% are characteristic radiation |
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Term
| general/braking/bremsstrahlung radiation |
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Definition
electrons hits nucleus of tungsten atom or passes very close. is attracted and slows down. produces low energy ray
*majority of x-rays are from general radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| high speed electron disoges an inner shell electron of tungsten atom and causes ionization of that atom. causes original electrons to rearrange, emits x-ray. |
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Term
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Definition
synonymous with primary beam, useful beam, and penetrating beam
is the x-ray produced at the target of anode and exits tube head |
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Term
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Definition
primary beam that has reacted with matter (eg hits pt face)
this is the beam that develops film |
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Term
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Definition
- secondary radiation that has hit something and changed direction
- there are two types of scatter
- Compton scatter
- coherent scatter
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