Term
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Definition
| A branch of science; MATTER & ENERGY, & THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO EACH OTHER, (includes mechanics, heat, light, sound, electricity, magnetism, and the fundamental structures & properties of matter). |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized & classified knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| The systematic collection of facts, the study of their interrelationship, and the drawing of valid conclusions from the resulting data. |
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Term
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Definition
| A broad, unified concept of the laws underlying certain natural phenomena. |
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Term
| DEFINE STANDARD UNIT (in exact science) |
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Definition
| Standard units are the BASIC UNITS in any particular system OF MEASUREMENT; they are used mathematically to describe natural phenomena, derive laws, and predict future events within the realm of nature. |
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Term
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Definition
Standardized units of measurement
(length - meter, time - second, mass - gram) |
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Term
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Definition
Obtained by various combinations of the fundamental units
(area, volume, density, specific gravity, velocity, & temperature) |
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Term
| IN THE METRIC SYSTEM, WHAT ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS FOR LENGTH, MASS, AND TIME? |
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Definition
METRIC -
o
LENGTH: Angstrom (A), kilometer (km), meter (m), centimeter (cm), millimeter (mm)
MASS: kilogram (kg), gram (g)
TIME: seconds (s), milliseconds (ms)
ENGLISH -
LENGTH: inch (in), mile (mi), yard (yd)
MASS: pound (lb), ounce (oz)
TIME: seconds (s) |
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Term
WHAT PORTION OF A MEAN SOLAR DAY IS A SECOND?
FOUR SECONDS? TEN SECONDS? |
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Definition
1 SEC = 1/86,400 of a solar day
4 SEC = 4/86,400 or 1/21,600 of a solar day
10 SEC = 10/86,400 or 1/8,640 of a solar day |
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Term
DEFINE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:
DECI-
CENTI-
MILLI-
DEKA-
KILO-
MEGA- |
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Definition
DECI = 1/10 OR .1 METERS OR 10 -1
CENTI = 1/100 OR .01 METERS OR 10 -2
MILLI = 1/1000 OR .001 METERS OR 10 -3
DEKA = 10 OR 10 METERS OR 10 1ST
KILO = 1000 OR 1000 METERS OR 10 3RD
MEGA = 1,000,000 OR 1,000,000 METERS OR 10 6TH |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE UNIT OF LENGTH THAT IS EQUAL TO 1/100,000,000 CM, 10 -8CM, OR 10 -10M? |
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Definition
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Term
| DEFINE MASS OF A BODY OF MATTER |
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Definition
| The quantity of matter (or inertia) in a body; mass is determined by weighing the gravitational force. |
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Term
| DEFINE WEIGHT OF A BODY OF MATTER |
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Definition
| The measurement of the force of gravity. Mass is determined by weighing the gravitational force. |
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Term
| DEFINE VOLUME AND GIVE ITS UNIT MEASUREMENT |
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Definition
| The capacity of a container; measured in cubic centimeters (cc) or cm3 |
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Term
| DEFINE AREA AND GIVE ITS CORRECT UNIT OF MEASUREMENT |
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Definition
| The measure of a given surface (depends on length); measured in square centimeters or cm2. |
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Term
| DEFINE DENSITY AND GIVE ITS CORRECT UNIT OF MEASUREMENT |
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Definition
| The mass per unit of volume of a substance; measure in kilograms per cubic meter or kg/m3. |
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Term
| DEFINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND GIVE ITS CORRECT UNIT OF MEASURE |
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Definition
| The ratio of the density of any material to the density of water; specific gravity has no units. |
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Term
| DEFINE VELOCITY AND GIVE ITS CORRECT UNIT OF MEASURE |
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Definition
| Speed in a given direction; measured in centimeters per second (cm/s), kilometers per hour (km/h), or miles per hour (mph) |
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Term
| DEFINE TEMPERATURE AND GIVE ITS UNIT OF MEASUREMENT |
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Definition
The measure of the average energy of motion of the molecules of matter; measured in Celsius (C*) or Fahrenheit (F*).
BOILING FREEZING
100* C 0* C
212* F 32* F |
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Term
GIVE CORRECT FORMULA TO CALCULATE THE AREA FOR:
SQUARE
RECTANGLE
CIRCLE
TRIANGLE |
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Definition
SQUARE/RECTANGLE = LENGTH X HEIGHT (LXH)
CIRCLE = PI R2 (PI R SQUARED)
TRIANGLE = 1/2 BASE X HEIGHT |
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Term
| HOW DO YOU CALCULATE THE VOLUME OF ANY CUBE? |
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Definition
LENGTH X WIDTH X HEIGHT (L X W X H)
THE ANSWER WILL BE MEASURED IN CM3 (CUBIC CM) |
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Term
| STATE THE CORRECT FORMULA TO CONVERT FROM CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT |
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Definition
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Term
| STATE THE CORRECT FORMULA TO CONVERT FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of a resting body of matter to remain at rest, & the tendency of a body moving at a constant speed in a straight line to continue its state of motion. |
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Term
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Definition
Pushing or pulling an object; putting an object into motion.
FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION
Measured in Newtons (N) |
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Term
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Definition
When a force acts upon a body over a distance.
WORK = FORCE X DISTANCE, OR MASS X ACCELERATION X DISTANCE
Measured in Joules (j) |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual or potential ability to do work |
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Term
| NAME & DESCRIBE TWO MAIN TYPES OF MECHANICAL ENERGY |
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Definition
KINETIC ENERGY: The energy of a moving body (energy of motion)
POTENTIAL ENERGY: Stored energy that may be released due to its position or temporarily deformed state (stored energy) |
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Term
| WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF KINETIC ENERGY POSSESSED BY A BODY OF MATTER? |
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Definition
KINETIC ENERGY = 1/2m(v)2 (half mass x velocity squared)
work/kinetic energy is measured in Joules (j) |
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Term
| WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF POTENTIAL ENERGY POSSESSED BY A BODY OF MATTER? |
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Definition
POTENTIAL ENERGY = mgh (mass x gravitational constant x height)
[gravitational constant = 9.8 N/kg] |
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Term
| WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR A BODY OF MATTER TO MOVE FROM A LOWER ENERGY LEVEL TO A HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL? |
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Definition
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Term
| IN THE ABSENCE OF OUTSIDE WORK, IN TERMS OF ENERGY LEVELS, WHAT IS THE ONLY DIRECTION THAT A BODY OF MATTER CAN MOVE? |
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Definition
| Matter will move only from a higher to a lower energy level without outside work. |
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Term
| BRIEFLY EXPLAIN THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND HOW IT RELATES TO EXTERNAL WORK, POTENTIAL ENERGY, AND KINETIC ENERGY. |
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Definition
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, the total amount of energy in the universe being constant; however, energy in one form can be changed into an equivalent amount of energy in other forms.
Example:
External work converts to potential energy which converts to kinetic energy |
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Term
| NAME SOME OF THE FORMS OF ENERGY AND GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF HOW ONE TYPE OF ENERGY IS TRANSFORMED INTO ANOTHER KIND OF ENERGY. |
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Definition
FORMS OF ENERGY:
mechanical, thermal/heat, light, electrical
Examples:
-conversion of chemical to electrical energy in a battery
-conversion of heat to mechanical energy in a steam engine |
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Term
| IDENTIFY THE KIND OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION THAT OCCURS IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: ELECTRIC MOTER, BATTERY, AND STEAM ENGINE |
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Definition
ELECTRIC MOTOR: mechanical to electrical
BATTERY: chemical to electrical
STEAM ENGINE: heat to mechanical |
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Term
| WHAT DOES EINSTEIN'S FAMOUS EQUATION E=mc2 TELL US? |
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Definition
Mass & energy are mutually convertible
E=energy, m=mass, c2=speed of light, squared |
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Term
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Definition
Anything which occupies space and has inertia.
Ex. rock salt |
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Term
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Definition
A combination of matter of indefinite composition.
Ex. rock salt |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest form of a substance having characteristic properties of that substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest particle of an element having characteristic properties of that element. |
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Term
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Definition
Any material that has a definite, constant composition.
Ex. pure salt |
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Term
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Definition
a.k.a. element
Elements that cannot be decomposed to simpler substances by ordinary means.
Ex. sodium/Na, iron/Fe, lead/Pb |
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Term
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Definition
a.k.a. compound
Substances formed by the chemical union of two or more elements in definite proportions.
Ex. salt |
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Term
| COMPARE MOLECULAR ATTRACTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES. |
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Definition
| Molecular attraction is strongest in solids (ice), relatively weak in liquids (water), and weakest in gases (steam). |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE NIELS BOHR ATOMIC STRUCTURE THEORY |
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Definition
| The Niels Bohr atomic structure theory relates a model of the atom to our solar system in which planets (electrons) revolve around a central sun (nucleus). |
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Term
| COMPARE PROTONS, ELECTRONS, AND NEUTRONS AS TO LOCATION IN AN ATOM, RELATIVE MASS, AND ELECTRICAL CHARGE |
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Definition
LOCATION IN ATOM
PROTONS in the nucleus / x1828 the mass of an electron / POSITIVE +
ELECTRONS in shells around nucleus / 1/1828th the mass of a proton / NEGATIVE -
NEUTRONS in the nucleus / virtually the same as proton / ABSENT OF CHARGE |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE RELATIVE ENERGY LEVELS OF THE ELECTRON ORBITS IN AN ATOM, AND COMPARE THE RELATIVE AMOUNT OF KINETIC ENERGY POSSESSED BY ELECTRONS IN THE VARIOUS ELECTRON SHELLS |
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Definition
OUTER SHELL has more kinetic energy; INNER SHELL has more binding energy.
ENERGY LEVEL / MAX. # OF ELECTRONS
K SHELL 2
L SHELL 8
M SHELL 18
N SHELL 32 |
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Term
| IDENTIFY THE TWO FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE BINDING ENERGY OF ANY GIVEN ORBITAL SHELL IN AN ATOM |
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Definition
1. Distance from the nucleus
(closer to the nucleus, the stronger the binding energy)
2. The number of electrons in the outer most shell
(increase of electrons = increase of attraction)
(remember: more protons = more binding energy) |
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Term
| CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRONS THAT CAN THEORETICALLY OCCUPY ANY GIVEN ORBITAL SHELL IN AN ATOM |
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Definition
2(#)SQ or 2 x (shell level) squared
1 = K SHELL = 2(1)SQ = 2
2 = L SHELL = 2(2)SQ = 8
3 = M SHELL = 2(3)SQ = 18
4 = N SHELL = 2(4)SQ = 32
5 = O SHELL = 2(5)SQ = 50
6 = P SHELL = 2(6)SQ = 72
7 = Q SHELL = 2(7)SQ = 98 |
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Term
| WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM "VALENCE" AS APPLIED TO ATOMS? |
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Definition
| Valence is the combining ability of an atom, dependent upon the # of electrons in the outermost shell. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE ELECTRONS IN THE OUTER ELECTRON SHELL TO THE VALENCE OF AN ATOM |
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Definition
| A valence of +1 means that element can GIVE an electron to an element which needs an electron to saturate its outermost shell & form an octet; a valence of -1 means an element NEEDS an electron in order to form an octet. |
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Term
| WHY ARE ATOMS USUALLY ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL? |
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Definition
| Because the # of protons and the # of electrons are usually the same. |
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Term
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Definition
a.k.a. Z#
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
a.k.a. A#
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
Atoms of the same element having different mass #s
[atoms that have the same # of nuclear protons (equal to the atomic # of the element) but different #s of nuclear neutrons] |
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Term
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Definition
| A radioactive form of an element. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any particular kind of atom, having a specific # of protons & neutrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms that exist in an abnormally excited state characterized by an unstable nucleus. |
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Term
| WHAT DETERMINES THE ATOMIC WEIGHT OF AN ATOM? |
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Definition
| Atomic weight is determined by the mass of any atom relative to the mass of an atom of carbon 12 isotope taken as 12. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE TERM GIVEN TO THE QUANTITY THAT IS ONE-TWELFTH THE MASS OF THE CARBON 12 NUCLEUS? |
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Definition
AMU or Atomic Mass Unit
1/12 the mass of the carbon 12 nucleus. |
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Term
| BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS |
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Definition
| All of the elements tabulated in order of increasing atomic number. |
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Term
| WHAT DETERMINES THE CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF ATOMS? |
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Definition
An element's valence determines is chemical behavior.
Ex. The periodic table
The eight vertical groups represent families of elements with surprisingly similar chemical properties (they participate similarly in chemical reactions).
The seven horizontal periods consist of elements with the same number of electron shells, but with different chemical properties. |
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Term
| BRIEFLY DESCRIBE IONIC BONDING AND COVALENT BONDING IN THE FORMING OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS. |
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Definition
IONIC BONDING - opposites attract to form compounds
Ex. sodium chloride/NaCl
COVALENT BONDING - sharing orbital electrons
Ex. water/H2O |
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Term
| WHAT CHARACTERIZES AN INERT ELEMENT? |
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Definition
| An inert element is characterized by its outer shell being in an octet configuration; normally it would be unable to enter into a chemical reaction, since it would unable to give up, accept, or share an electron. |
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Term
| DEFINE IONIZATION, AND DESCRIBE AT LEAST FOUR WAYS OF PRODUCING IONIZATION. |
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Definition
Ionization is the addition or removal of an orbital electron.
WAYS OF PRODUCING IONIZATION:
1. x-rays/gamma rays
2. light
3. chemical
4. breakdown of radionuclides
5. stream of electrons |
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Term
| DEFINE & DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN CATIONS, ANIONS, CATHODES, AND ANODES. |
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Definition
NEGATIVE
Cathode - negative electrode
Anion - negative ion
POSITIVE
Cation - positive ion
Anode - positive electrode |
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Term
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Definition
| Then electricity is introduced, the cation (+) is attracted to the negative electrode (cathode) and the anion (-) is attracted to the positive electrode (anode). |
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Term
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Definition
Glowing from heat; heating metal until it is glowing hot.
Ex. a filament |
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Term
| DEFINE THERMIONIC EMISSION |
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Definition
a.k.a. thermionic effect
The boiling-off of electrons; heating metal until electrons are released from its surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ionizing radiation that consists of one electron. FREE ELECTRON IN SPACE W/O A NUCLEUS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ionizing radiation that consists of two protons & two neutrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| One proton and one neutron. FREE NUCLEUS W/O AN ELECTRON |
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