Term
| which mechanism of radiation injury may occur when x-ray energy is absorbed by patient tissues? |
|
Definition
| Ionization, free radical formation |
|
|
Term
| what is true regarding the direct theory of radiation injury? |
|
Definition
| it involves a direct hit and absorption of an x-ray photon within a cell |
|
|
Term
| indirect theory proposes that |
|
Definition
| free radicals combine to form toxins |
|
|
Term
| a non-threshold dose-response curve suggests that: |
|
Definition
| no matter how small the amount of radiation, some biologic damage occurs |
|
|
Term
| stochastic biologic effects from radiation: |
|
Definition
| occur as a direct function of dose |
|
|
Term
| examples of non-stochastic effects include: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in regards to the latent period it is safe to say the (?) radiation received and the (?) the dose rate, the shorter the latent period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| more radiation damage takes place with high dose rates, because a rapid delivery of radiation does not allow time for cellular damage to be repaired. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which types of cells are more sensitive to radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of types of cells that are radiosensitive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of radioresistant tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| critical organs exposed during dental radiographic procedures in the head and neck region include: |
|
Definition
| skin, thyroid gland, lens of eye, bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| the traditional unit of DOSE is called: |
|
Definition
| the radiation absorbed dose (rad) |
|
|
Term
| one gray is equivalent to (?) rad(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the SI equivalent of the rem is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| naturally occurring background radiation includes: |
|
Definition
| cosmic radiation, terrestrial radiation |
|
|
Term
| the use of F-speed film instead of D-speed film reduces the absorbed dose by (?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Standard Internation of EXPOSURE is called: |
|
Definition
| Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) |
|
|
Term
| the traditional unit of DOSE EQUIVALENT is called: |
|
Definition
| the roentgen equivalent in man (rem) |
|
|
Term
| the end goal of the dental radiographer should be: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extraoral films differ from intraoral films in that the extraoral film: |
|
Definition
| the film is outside the patient's mouth or head |
|
|
Term
| intraoral films include all except: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what reduces operator exposure to radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does not reduce patient exposure to radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most effective way to monitor the accumulated radiation exposure to yourself in a dental office is to: |
|
Definition
| wear a film badge at all times while working |
|
|
Term
| what term describes the dose of radiation that the body can endure with little or no chance of injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of position-indicating devices (PIDs) do NOT produce scatter radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| image magnification may be minimized by: |
|
Definition
| placing the film as close to the tooth as possible |
|
|
Term
| distortion is caused when: |
|
Definition
| the object and film are not parallel |
|
|
Term
| assuming the film and object distance remains the same, as the target (x-ray tube head) is moved closer the object, the image on the radiograph: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the purpose of film holding devices is to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in dental radiography, elongation and foreshortening can be minimized by: |
|
Definition
| directing the central beam at a right angle to the imaginary bisector |
|
|
Term
| incorrect horizontal angulation causes: |
|
Definition
| overlapped images because the lingual aspect of one tooth is superimposed on the facial aspect of the adjacent tooth |
|
|
Term
| using the paralleling technique, the central ray forms a right angle with which structures? |
|
Definition
| both the film and the long axis of the tooth |
|
|
Term
| which of the following describes the proper direction of the central ray in the bisecting the angle technique? |
|
Definition
| 90 degrees to the imaginary bisector |
|
|
Term
| which of the following describes the distance between the film and the tooth in the bisecting the angle technique? |
|
Definition
| the film is placed as close as possible to the tooth |
|
|
Term
| a good general rule to remember when sorting posterior periapical: |
|
Definition
| mandibular teeth have two roots |
|
|
Term
| when mounting bitewing radiographs, the "Curve of Spee" is depicted by: |
|
Definition
| a "smile" from the patient's right to left |
|
|
Term
| the Unit Dose for a singe "f" speed film is 1.5 mSv. What is the unit dose for in traditional units? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Unit Dose for a single "f" speed film is 1.5 mSv. What is the unit dose for an FMX of 19 films? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the unit dose for a single film of "f" speed 250 mrem. Now what is it in Standard International Units? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| using the single dose value of 2.5mSv, what is the Unit dose for an FMX of 19 films? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what term best describes a fuzzy shadow around the outline of the radiographic image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| object and film are not parallel |
|
|
Term
| A radiographer stands 6ft away from the head to the patient while exposing a dental film. Her personell monitoring device measures the radiation dose at that position to be 0.04 mSv. The radiographer moves to 12ft away from the head of the patient. What would the new dose be at this distance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you have just finished taking a modified FMX of 15 films instead of 18 films. The unit dose measurement is 35.1 mSv for 18 films. what is the unit dose for a single film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| convert 1.95 mSv to traditional units for a 15 film series |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during x-ray exposure, the lead apron with a thyroid collar should be placed on: |
|
Definition
| all patients for intraoral films |
|
|
Term
| in dental radiography, the QUALITY of the x-ray beam is controlled by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in dental radiography, the QUANTITY of radiation produced is controlled by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the overall blackness or darkness of a film is termed: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if kilovoltage is decreased with no other variations in exposure factors, the resultant film will: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increasing miliamperage results in an increase in |
|
Definition
| temperature of the filament and number of x-rays produced |
|
|
Term
| a diagnostic film is produced using 90 kVp and 0.25 seconds. what exposure time is needed to produce the same film at 75 kVp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the term that describes how dark and light areas are differentiated on a film: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of aluminum needed to reduce x-ray beam intensity by half |
|
|
Term
| a radiograph that has many light and dark areas with few shades of gray is said to have: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the length of the PID is changed from 16 inches to 8 inches. The resultant intensity of the beam will be: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hypersensitivegag reflex that results from a physical reaction to a feeling of the airway being blocked is called a psychogenic stimulus. |
|
Definition
| The first statement is false. The second statement is true. |
|
|
Term
| Dental radiographers who demonstrate confidence can lead to improved patient cooperation. A patient who is told that gagging is “all in their mind”will experience fewer gagging problems. |
|
Definition
| The first statement is true. The second statement is false. |
|
|
Term
Each of the following suggestions help the radiographer avoid exciting a hypersensitive gag reflex EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
a.Ask the patient to breathe through the nose.
b.Ask the patient to rinse the mouth with ice water prior to placement of the image receptor.
c.Ask the patient if they have ever gagged during x-ray exposures.
d.Ask the patient to press their head against the head-rest during the procedure. |
|
Definition
| Ask the patient if they have ever gagged during x-ray exposures. |
|
|
Term
| Placement of the image receptor in which of these fol-lowing regions is most likely to initiate a gag reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The patient is less likely to gag |
|
Definition
| while performing a breathing exercise during image receptor placement. |
|
|
Term
Older adults who present with soft tissue degeneration that makes placement of the image receptor uncomfort- able may benefit from each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a.Increasing the exposure time b.Using a smaller-sized image receptor
c.Using a lighter-weight image receptor holder
d.Applying an edge protector to the image receptor |
|
Definition
| Increasing the exposure time |
|
|
Term
| Tocompensate for slight movement that results from Parkinson’s disease tremors, the radiographer can adjust the exposure settings to |
|
Definition
| increase the mA and decrease the impulses. |
|
|
Term
| When performing radiographic services for the patient with a disability, the radiographer should |
|
Definition
| offer to assist the patient in the manner that they want. |
|
|
Term
| Unnecessary radiographs may be taken on the cancer patient,butonly electiveradiographs may be taken on the pregnant female. |
|
Definition
| Both parts of the statement are false. |
|
|
Term
| It is ethical practice to take unnecessary radiographs on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The dental radiographer should consider each of the fol-lowing to develop sensitivity for the culturally diverse patient EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a.Lowered mental capacities b.Personal space zone c.Communication style
d.Culturally different meanings to hand gestures |
|
Definition
| Lowered mental capacities |
|
|
Term
| Under which of these conditions would dental radi- ographs most likely NOT need to be exposed? a.When the child presents with poor self-care and sus-pected caries. b.When the child is under 12 years of age. c.When the proximal surfaces of the teeth are visible clinically. d.When the child has accidentally fallen, but there is no apparent damage to the primary teeth. |
|
Definition
| When the proximal surfaces of the teeth are visible clinically |
|
|
Term
| According to the evidence-based selection criteria guidelines listed in Table 6-1, which of these intervals is recommended for posterior bitewing radiographs on a 10-year-old child recall patient who presents with good self-care and no evidence of clinical caries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each of the following need to be considered when decid- ing what size image receptor to use on a child EXCEPTone. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
a.Cooperation level
b.Size of the dental arches
c.Size of the mouth opening
d.Amount of plaque present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which image receptor size would be the easiest to position for a bitewing radiograph on a 5-year-old patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the best reason to use the largest size intraoral image receptor that the child will tolerate?
a.So that a lesser number of image receptors will have to be exposed
b.To be able to use the paralleling technique
c.So that the radiation exposure can be reduced
d.To image an increased amount of the tissues |
|
Definition
| To image an increased amount of the tissues |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the suggested number and size of projections to use for a 3-year-old patient with primary dentition?
a.Two bitewing and two occlusal radiographs
b.Two bitewing and two periapical radiographs
c.Two bitewing and four periapical radiographs
d.Four bitewing and 10 periapical radiographs |
|
Definition
| Two bitewing and two occlusal radiographs |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the suggested number and size of projections to use for a 10-year-old patient with transitional (mixed primary and permanent) dentition?
a.Two bitewing and eight periapical radiographs
b.Two bitewing and 10 periapical radiographs
c.Four bitewing and 10 periapical radiographs
d.Four bitewing and 14 periapical radiographs |
|
Definition
| Two bitewing and 10 periapical radiographs |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the suggested number and size of projections to use for a 15-year-old patient with permanent dentition?
a.Two bitewings and six periapical radiographs
b.Four bitewing and eight periapical radiographs
c.Four bitewing and 10 periapical radiographs
d.Four bitewing and 14 periapical radiographs |
|
Definition
| Four bitewing and 14 periapical radiographs |
|
|
Term
When a child patient cannot tolerate intraoral placementof the image receptor for exposure of a periapical radi- ograph, which of the following may sometimes be an acceptable substitute?
a.Bitewing
b.Panoramic
c.Lateral jaw
d.Both b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If well tolerated, which of the following techniques will provide the best-quality images on the child patient?
a.Panoramic
b.Occlusal
c.Paralleling
d.Bisecting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What slight change in angulation is usually required when using the bisecting technique on a child patient? |
|
Definition
| Increase the vertical angulation |
|
|
Term
Which of the following image receptors is recommended for an occlusal radiograph on an 8-year-old patient?
a.#0
b.#2
c.#3
d.#4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exposure settings for children under the age of 10 years should be |
|
Definition
| reduced by one-half the exposure used for adults. |
|
|
Term
| The exposure settings for children between the ages of 10 and 15 years should be |
|
Definition
| reduced by one-third the exposure used for adults. |
|
|
Term
| The exposure settings for children over the age of 16 years should be |
|
Definition
| the same exposure as used for adults. |
|
|
Term
| Allowing the child patient to observe a sibling or par- ent undergoing the radiographic procedure may help to alleviate fear of the unknown and promote cooperation. This patient management strategy is called modeling. |
|
Definition
| Both statements are true. |
|
|
Term
When taking a series of periapical radiographs on an11-year-old patient, placing and exposing which of the following first will most likely aid in gaining the patient’s confidence and cooperation?
a.Mandibular molar
b.Mandibular canine
c.Maxillary molar
d.Maxillary central-lateral incisors |
|
Definition
| Maxillary central-lateral incisors |
|
|
Term
For which of these purposes are extraoral radiographs least suitable?
a.Detection of interproximal caries
b.Locating impacted teeth
c.Viewing the sinuses
d.Determining the extent of a fracture |
|
Definition
| detection of interproximal caries |
|
|
Term
Which of these radiographs is most frequently pre-scribed by the orthodontist?
a.Transcranial
b.Lateral cephalometric
c.Waters
d.Reverse Towne |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The general practitioner is most likely to use which of these extraoral radiographs?
a.Posteroanterior cephalometric
b.Reverse Towne
c.Panoramic
d.Submentovertex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these radiographs would best image the max- illary sinus?
a.Transcranial
b.Waters
c.Periapical
d.Posteroanterior cephalometric |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What size film is generally used to produce a cephalometric radiograph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Black artifacts on extraoral radiographs may result from each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
a.Static electricity
b.Glove powder residue
c.Rapidly removing films from the packaging
d.Scratched intensifying screens |
|
Definition
| scratched intensifying screens |
|
|
Term
Intensifying screens will
a.increase x-ray intensity.
b.increase image detail.
c.reduce exposure time.
d.decrease processing time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes the crystals used in the emulsion of intensifying screens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fast intensifying screens have______________sized crystals and ______________thickness of emulsion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rare-earth intensifying screens require less radiation to produce a quality image. Rare-earth intensifying screens emit blue light when energized by x-radiation. |
|
Definition
| The first statement is correct. The second statement is incorrect. |
|
|
Term
Which of these is NOT a way to identify extraoral radiographs?
a.Embossed identification dot
b.Commercial identification printer
c.Lead letters “R” and “L”
d.Lead plates affixed to the cassette |
|
Definition
| embossed identification dot |
|
|
Term
Unsharp (blurry) images result from which of the following?
a.Film and screens not in close contact
b.Faulty (not tight) hinge on rigid cassette
c.Not closing the cassette tightly
d.All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is used to help reduce film fog during exposure of extraoral radiographs?
a.Voxel
b.Cephalostat
c.Grid
d.Phosphors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true regarding tomography when compared to extraoral radiography?
a.Requires less radiation to produce an image of themaxillofacial region.
b.Utilizes a moving x-ray source and moving image receptor.
c.Superimposes structures in the path of the x-ray beam on the image.
d.Less likely to exhibit film fog. |
|
Definition
| Utilizes a moving x-ray source and moving image receptor. |
|
|
Term
Cone beam computed tomography plays a valuable role in which of the following?
a.Assessing growth and development of the orthodontic patient.
b.Imaging the height and contour of edentulous ridges.
c.Treatment planning for dental implants
d.All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who discovered the x-ray?
a.C. Edmund Kells
b.William Rollins
c.Franklin McCormack
d.Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When were x-rays discovered?
a.1695
b.1795
c.1895
d.1995 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who is believed to haveexposed the prototype of the first dental x-ray film?
a.A. Cieszynski
b.Otto Walkhoff
c.Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
d.C. Edmund Kells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who is considered by many to be the first advocate for the science of radiation protection?
a.Weston Price
b.William Morton
c.William Herbert Rollins
d.Franklin McCormack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which imaging modality will most likely become the gold standard for imaging certain dental conditions in the near future?
a.Cone beam volumetric tomography
b.Computed tomography
c.Digital imaging
d.Tomography |
|
Definition
| Cone beam volumetric tomography |
|
|
Term
Who is given credit for applying the rule of isometry to the bisecting technique?
a.William Rollins
b.A. Cieszynski
c.G. M. Fitzgerald
d.Otto Walkhoff |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who is given credit for developing the paralleling technique?
a.W.D. Coolidge
b.H. R. Raper
c.William Morton
d.Franklin McCormack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hypersensitive gag reflex that results from a physical reaction to a feeling of the airway being blocked is called a psychogneic stimulus. |
|
Definition
| The first statement is false. The second statement is true. |
|
|
Term
| If absolutely necessary, who should be asked to hold the image receptor in place for th patient with physical disabilities? |
|
Definition
| The patient's caregiver or guardian |
|
|
Term
| Deciding whether to expose dental radiographs on a child patient is based on: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each of the following need to be considered when deciding what size image receptor to us on a child except one. Which one is the exception?
A) Cooperation level.
B) Amount of plaque present.
C) Size of the dental arches.
D) Size of the mouth opening. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
To aid in managing a patient with special needs, an organized radiographer will:
A) progress through the procedure rapidly and accurately.
B) expose the easier projections first.
C) have all supplies and equipment ready before exposure
D) all of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The general rule for exposure setting for children between the ages of 10 and 15 years should be: |
|
Definition
| reduced by 1/3 the exposure used for adults. |
|
|
Term
| In treating children with a primary or transitional dentition, the bisecting technique is preferred, because the small size of the mouth precludes the placement of a film beyond the apical regions of the teeth. |
|
Definition
| both statements are true. |
|
|
Term
Each of the following statements regarding dental radiography of the older adult patien is correct except one. Which one is the exception?
A) If necessary, the radiographer should hold the image receptor in the patient's mouth during the exposure.
B) A smaller, lighter weight image receptor holder may be more comfortable.
C) If necessary, and extraoral radiograph may be substituted.
D) Use of commercial image receptor edge protector may make the procedure more comfortable. |
|
Definition
| If necessary, the radiographer should hold the image receptor in the patient's mouth during the exposure. |
|
|
Term
| What film Size is typically used for the edentulous examination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following conditions or circumstances would contraindicate necessary dental radiograph for the patient?
A) Hearing or visual impairment
B) Recent dental radiographs at another practice
C) Pregnancy
D) Wheelchair confinement |
|
Definition
| recent dental radiographs at another practice |
|
|
Term
| Currently the ADA recommendation is that elective radiographs may be taken on the pregnant patient. Unnecessary radiographs may be taken only when the female is determined not to be pregnant. |
|
Definition
| both statements are false |
|
|
Term
| When a child patient cannot tolerate intraoral placement of the image receptor for exposure of a periapical radiograph, which of the following may sometimes be an acceptable substitute? |
|
Definition
| panoramic and lateral jaw |
|
|
Term
| If a panoramic film is unavaiable, a full mouth series of periapical films can be used to examine the edentulous arches. How many are required to accomplish this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allowing the child patient to observe a sibling or parent undergoing the radiographic procedure may help to alleviate fear of the unknown and promote cooperation. This patient management strategy is called modeling. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following image receptor size would be the easiest to position for a bitewing radiograph on a 5 yr old?
A) 3
B) 0
C) 4
D) 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A person with a physical disability may have problems with:
A) Vision
B) Hearing
C) Mobility
D) all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following extraoral radiographs is commonly assessed for in conjunction with intraoral radiographs for the child patient?
A) Transcranial
B) Panoramic
C) Waters
D) Reverse Town |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Standard radiographic procedures can be altered for the older adult who presents with age-related change complications. Using the salutation "honey" or "dear" when addressing an elderly patient will assist the radiographic process. |
|
Definition
| the first statement is true, the second is false |
|
|
Term
| If a person is blind or visually impaired, the dental radiographer must: |
|
Definition
| Communicate using clear verbal explanations. |
|
|
Term
| The general rule for exposure setting for children under the ages 10 years should be: |
|
Definition
| reduced by 1/2 the exposure used for adults |
|
|
