Term
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Definition
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Term
| in cultured cells in the labaratory |
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Definition
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Term
| cells from tumors and many normal tissues will grow and form colonies ... |
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Definition
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Term
| studies can be done on synchronous and asynchronous __ |
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Definition
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Term
| initial radiation done on these to see how radiation effects cells |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to cells after irradiation? |
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Definition
division delay
interphase death
reproductive failure
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Term
| :at any one time cells in tissues are at different phases of mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
| : ratio of # of cells in mitosis to # cells in population of cells |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ % of cells are in ____ at any one time |
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Definition
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Term
| when cells are irradiated the ____ is disturbed |
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Definition
| constant ratio (mitotic index) |
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Term
| cells in mitosis complete the division, but cells about to enter mitosis are delayed in ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| when cells are delayed in G2, the mitotic index ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| if dose is low enough, cells ... |
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Definition
| recover and proceed through mitosis |
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Term
| when cells recover and proceed through mitosis, this ____ the mitotic index, called __________ |
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Definition
| increases, mitotic overshoot |
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Term
| at lower doses (0.5 Gy) , cells return to mitotic index of '___' |
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Definition
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Term
| At high doses (10 Gy), the length and magnitude of delay was increased and no mitotic overshoot was observed- cells died before mitosis ( __ ) |
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Definition
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Term
| hopefully for extra credit, the theories why there is division delay : |
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Definition
* chemicals needed for division are altered by radation
*protein aren't synthesized.
*DNA synthesis does not progress at the same time. |
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Term
| :death of cells before they enter mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
| dose for interphase death to occur is dependent on the __ and ___ |
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Definition
| cell type and degree of differentiation |
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Term
| :possibly caused by chemical changes in the cell which causes decreases in energy production. |
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Definition
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Term
| :decrease the amount of cells after radiation that are able to reproduce |
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Definition
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Term
| : inability of cells to go through repeated divisions. |
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Definition
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Term
| : there are some hits in all targets |
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Definition
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Term
| :there are some hits in few targets |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
____ after irradiation can influence the proportion of cells that can survive.
(potentially lethal damage PLD) |
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Definition
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Term
| if cells do not attempt division because of the cell condition, there is more time for radiation damage... |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ does not occur when cells are rapidly dividing and after exposure to high LET |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage must be ____ before a lethal effect becomes evident. |
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Definition
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Term
| The molecular basis of ___ is not fully understood. |
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Definition
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Term
| the repair of sublethal damage is studied by comparing the effects of __ to __ |
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Definition
| single dose to fractionated dose |
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Term
| Division delay is __ dependent. |
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Definition
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Term
| mitotic overshoot shows the ability of the cells to overcome .. |
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Definition
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Term
| radiation can act as a _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| ; the damage that is influenced by post irradiation conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| : repair is shown by the increase in survival when a dose of radiation is fractionated. |
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Definition
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Term
| When dose rate is reduced, there is a reduction in cell killing becuase ___ repair occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| single target/single hit : |
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Definition
| cell is most radiosensitive |
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Term
| single target/multiple hit : |
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Definition
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Term
| multiple target/multiple hit : |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell survival curves: in order to study the radiosensitivity of cells, researchers irradiate cells and then count |
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Definition
| the number of cells surviving per dose |
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Term
| cell survival curves can be counted ____ and ___ |
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Definition
| both in vitro and now in vivo |
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Term
Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau
Sensitivity is directly proportional to the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
Law of bergonie and tribondeau
Sensitivity is indirectly proportional to the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Greater mitotic activity= |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| : less likely to react, or less sensitive, to a radiation dose |
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Definition
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Term
| cell damage is influenced by |
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Definition
| biological stress on the cell |
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Term
| the greatest stress on the cell is |
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Definition
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Term
| biological stress on a cell is exposed when? |
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Definition
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Term
| cell damage is similar to biological stress, but is expressed only at ___,so rapidly dividing cells show damage sooner and appear more sensitive. |
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Definition
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Term
| A differentiated cell is one that has ______ |
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Definition
| specialized function and/or structure |
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Term
| An undifferentiated or immature cell's primary function is to ____to maintain its own population and to replace mature cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| : this means the vulnerability of cells to damage by radiation |
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Definition
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Term
| different cells have different sensitivities depending on their ... |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are more radioresistant |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are more radiosensitive |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 general cell populations? |
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Definition
stem cell populations
transit cell populations
static populations |
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Term
| :one whose sole purpose is to divide |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells for another population |
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Term
| stem cells are _____ , and also are _______ |
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Definition
| undifferentiated and radiosensitive |
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Term
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Definition
| cells on their way from stem cell compartments to end cell compartments |
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Term
| transit cells May or May not |
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Definition
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Term
| static population cells are |
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Definition
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Term
| static populations show little or no |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the four cell population categories of Rubin and Casarett |
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Definition
-vegetative intermitotic VIM
-differentiating inter mitotic DIM
-Reverting post mitotic RPM
-fixed post mitotic |
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Term
VIM- divide?
differentiation?
radiosensitivity?
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Definition
rapidly dividing
undifferentiated
most radiosensitive |
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Term
DIM- mitotic?
differentiation? |
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Definition
actively mitotic
more differentiated than VIM |
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Term
RPM- mitotic?
differentiation? |
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Definition
do not undergo mitosis, but can under specific conditions
highly differentiated
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Term
FPM- differentiation?
mitotic?
radiosensitivity? |
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Definition
Highly differentiated (most)
do not divide, no mitosis
most radioresistant, least radiosensitive |
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Term
| Sensitivity: the response to radiation can be predicted very crudely from the simplified classification of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Closed static cells would be classified as _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Loss of reproductive ability in some cells of the population will occur, but whether the tissue or organ appears to be affected depends on the extent to which... |
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Definition
| the tissue can function with a reduced number of cells |
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Term
| the time interval between the radiation and the expression of the cell damage will be variable between |
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Definition
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Term
examples of acute and late response:
-treating bone marrow and there is a short/long response time in reduction of blood count.
- treating intestinal lining and the response time is short/long
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Definition
bone marrow = long time
intestinal lining = short time |
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Term
| Physical factors affecting response to radiation: |
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Definition
LET
RBE
Dose rate
fractionation |
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Term
| biological factors affecting response to radiation: |
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Definition
cell cycle (differentiation)
Cell repair |
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Term
| Chemical factor(s) affecting response to radiation: |
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Definition
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Term
| the model of raindrops on 100 squares of pavement relates to what cell survival model? |
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Definition
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Term
| when the deletion doesnt reattach |
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Definition
| terminal deletion (one-break effect) |
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Term
| when the broken part inverts then reattaches: |
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Definition
| One-break effect- inversion |
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Term
| when the broken part attaches to another chromosome |
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Definition
| (one break effect) duplication |
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Term
| Two pieces are permanently broken off: |
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Definition
| interstitial deletion (2-break) |
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Term
| when two parts break off, one or both inverts, then both reattach to the chromosome arm |
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Definition
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Term
| one or both broken parts attach to another chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 diff. chromosomes, both with a terminal deletion, switch broken portions. |
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Definition
| translocation (2-break eff) |
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Term
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Definition
| when two broken off pieces connect to eachother |
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Term
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Definition
| when 2 chromosomes with lost pieces attach to eachother |
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Term
ionizing radiation causes biologic damage.
the amount of damage can be assessed by looking at (3)?
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Definition
direct and indirect actions
linear energy transfer (LET)
relative biologic effect RBE |
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Term
| when alpha or beta particles or x-rays create ions which physically break the sugar phosphate backbones or break the base pairs of the DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| radiolysis of water is considered |
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Definition
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Term
| Radiation interacts with the waer in the cell and the water is ionized. when the 'HOH+' attaches to another uncharged molecule, a free radical is formed. free radicals are ___ due to the presence of unpaired electrons which result when water molecules are split. |
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Definition
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Term
| : the rate at which the energy of the radiation was transferred to tissue |
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Definition
| LET linear transfer energy |
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Term
| high LET - ___ particles - give up energy quickly, cause more damage and ____ penetration |
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Definition
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Term
Low LET (______) -
low biologic damage, high penetration, do not give up energy quickly |
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Definition
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Term
| : how much of the TEST radiation is needed to do the same amount of damage as 250 keV x-rays |
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Definition
| RBE relative biologic effect |
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Term
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Definition
dose of 250 keV x-rays
dose of test radiation |
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Term
set up equation:
It takes 50 cGy of a test radiation to produce an effect and 150 cGy of 250 keV x-rays produces the same effect. what is the RBE? |
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Definition
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Term
LET is directly proportional to _____ and is closely related to _____.
High LET radiations have a ____ RBE. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most biologic damage results as a ____ |
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Definition
| break in the chromosomal backbone. |
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Term
| : changes in DNA; single break in base. have a greater chance for repair |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| : visible or detectable changes seen after a given dose of radiation within a given time period |
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Definition
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Term
| Acutely and chronic response refers to when the : |
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Definition
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Term
| Time period for (Acute) Early Response: |
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Definition
| within 6 months - usually can be repaired |
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Term
| Chronic effects time period: |
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Definition
| seen after 6 months; usually irreversible damage |
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Term
| : replacement of damaged cells by the same type of cell - organ is restored |
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Definition
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Term
| : Replacement of cells by a different type (like scars) |
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Definition
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Term
| Massive damage could result in _________ - failure to repair damage |
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Definition
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Term
| SENSITIVE organs respond _____ than radioresistant organs. in the long run, the severity of damage may be worse in the ____ organ |
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Definition
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Term
____ doses are more effective.
increased volume shows ____ response. |
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Definition
single doses (rather than fractionated)
increase |
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Term
| name some acute responses |
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Definition
inflammation
edema
hemorrhage
denudation of mucosa
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Term
name some chronic responses
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Definition
fibrosis
atrophy
ulceration
stricture
stenosis
obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
erythema
most and dry desquamation
pigmentation
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Term
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Definition
atrophy
telangiectasia
necrosis
depigmentation
fibrosis |
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Term
| Hair follicles are ______ sensitive. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stem cells are _______... . |
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Definition
| very sensitive to radiation |
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Term
rate from most to least sensitive
RBC PLATELETS WBC |
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Definition
| most sens. RBC -> WBC -> PLATELETS least |
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Term
| high doses to the bone marrow can cause permanent decrease in numbers of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| platelets are resistant - have _____ lifespan |
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Definition
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Term
| erythrocytes are resistant- _____ lifespan |
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Definition
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Term
| In the digestive system, small intestine is ____ sensitive. rectum and liver cells are fairly resistant. |
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Definition
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Term
| although lung are considered to be resistant, they are responsive ... |
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Definition
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Term
| blood vessel damage causes: |
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Definition
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Term
| Bone and cartilage: since growing cells are radiosensitive, there is increased damage in |
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Definition
young people.
affects size and shape of bone
scoliosis |
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Term
CNS:
cells are DIFFERENTIATED and RESISTANT!
max. doses that cells can take before permanent damage: |
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Definition
Cord: 4500 cGy
Brain: 4500 cGy |
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Term
| Male reproductive system is radioresistant except |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ cGy can cause sterility in male |
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Definition
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Term
Female repr. system:
dose for sterility depends on |
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Definition
age
-increased dose is needed for YOUNGER woman |
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Term
| for females and males, there is danger of __ damage |
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Definition
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Term
| Skin : ___ cGy - temporary epilation and erythema |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| pericarditis and pancarditis |
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Term
| Bone: Decrease in damage with ___ in age. |
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Definition
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Term
| Digestive: moderate doses cause inflammation of ____ ; small intestine is most sensitive. inflammation results in nausea, vomiting, and |
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Definition
mucous membranes
diarrhea
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Term
| Eye: __ cGy can cause damage; ___ cGy will cause cataracts |
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Definition
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