Term
| What is the primary purpose of radiographic film processing? |
|
Definition
| to accumulate enough black metallic silver at sensitivity specks to yield a visible image |
|
|
Term
| With regards to the use of film as the image receptor, what aspect is considered to be the most sensitive and variable factor in the production of a radiograph? |
|
Definition
| Radiographic film processor; chemical activity; temperature |
|
|
Term
| Name the four steps of film processing: |
|
Definition
1. developing
2. fixing
3. washing
4. drying |
|
|
Term
| The ________ image exist in the image receptor after exposure, but prior to processing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The action of the developer is controlled by three things: |
|
Definition
1. Reducing agents (primary agent)
2. Activator
3. Restrainor |
|
|
Term
| As more and more silver ions are converted to black metallic silver, what is the resulting effect on density? |
|
Definition
| more black metallic silver = more density |
|
|
Term
| Phenidone, a reducing agent found in developer, performs what function? |
|
Definition
| produces shades of gray quickly |
|
|
Term
| Hyroquinone, a reducing agent found in developer, performs what function? |
|
Definition
| produces black areas slowly |
|
|
Term
| Glutaraldehyde, a hardener, performs three functions: |
|
Definition
1. controls swelling of gelatin
2. prevents abrasion during processing
3. maintains uniform film thickness |
|
|
Term
| As part of the processor shut down procedure the lid is removed slightly and a crack or open slot remains relative to the top of the processor. What is the purpose for venting the processor in such a manner? |
|
Definition
| prevents fixer condensation from dripping into the developer tank |
|
|
Term
| What is used as a solvent for both the developer and fixer solutions? |
|
Definition
| filtered and treated water |
|
|
Term
| how long should radiographic film be kept in a patients file? How about mammography films? |
|
Definition
| usually 5-7 years; mammography - lifetime |
|
|
Term
| the turnaround rollers and equipment at the bottom of each tank consists of three things: |
|
Definition
1. master roller
2. planetary roller
3. guide shoes |
|
|
Term
| what type of replenishment system is in use with the processor that we have in our darkroom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the circulation system performs three functions: |
|
Definition
1. stabilizes temp
2. agitates and mixes chemistry
3. filters solutions |
|
|
Term
| ___________ measures the characteristic response of film to exposure and processing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what piece of equipment is used to measure or "read" the densities put on a film by the sensitometer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regarding optical density numbers, if 100% of light is transmitted through the film the resulting OD # is _____. If 0% of light is transmitted through the film the resultng OD # is ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is density on a film without exposure, or density inherent to film. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Base + Fog should never exceed ____ OD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The toe of the D log E curve is controlled by what chemical in the developer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The area of the D log E curve between the toe and the shoulder is called what? |
|
Definition
| straight line portion or slope |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the straight line portion of the curve? by this, what does it represent? |
|
Definition
| used to demonstrate the relationship to the films exposure vs. the density transmitted (the range of useful densities) |
|
|
Term
| The shoulder of the D log E curve is controlled by what chemical in the developer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After a film has been exposed to Dmax, what will happen to density after further exposure? What is this called? |
|
Definition
-It will begin to lose density after further exposure
-This is called Reversal or Solarization |
|
|
Term
| Contrast is controlled by what chemical of the developer solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: A dark radiograph has recieved too few photons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: A dark radiograph has recorded too much information. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Doubling the mAs doubles the density. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: an AEC system influences mAs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: An AEC system controls time, not milliamperage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: density increases as kVp is increased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Scatter adds density to a radiograph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the use of a grid increases radiographic density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: As the tissue density increases, radiographic density decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Only when a density change is desired, the 15% rule should be used. |
|
Definition
| False (for test purposes 30%) |
|
|
Term
| T or F: As SID increases, density decreases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: As OID increases, density increase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: As filtration increase, density decreases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Restricting the primary beam increases density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: in digital image systems, changes in mAs no longer control density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The density of the radiographic image is the: |
|
Definition
-easiest prime technical factor to evaluate
-result of black metallic silver deposited on the radiograph
-degree of overall blackening |
|
|
Term
| the optical density range visible to the human eye is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ____ factors should be used as the principal method for adjusting radiographic density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the controlling factor for density is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as mAs _______; exposure increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the minimum change necessary to cause a visible shift in density is ____ % of mAs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which generator produces the least amount of radiographic density? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which generator produces the greatest amount of radiographic density? |
|
Definition
| a high-frequency generator |
|
|
Term
| which rule is used as a guide to maintain the same density when kVp changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which factor influences the number of photons reaching the radiographic film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which factor influences the average energy of photons reaching the radiographic film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the relationship between exposure and SID is: |
|
Definition
| inversely proportional to the square of the distance |
|
|
Term
| the density maintenance formula mathematically resembles the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Any change in density affects contrast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: As the differences between adjacent densities increase, the contrast decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: A radiograph can have contrast and no density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: A radiograph can have density and no contrast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the range of density values that can be perceived by the human eye is called visible contrast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Intensifying screens create an inherently lower contrast image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: As kVp increases, contrast decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Increasing kVp causes density differences that were previously undetectable to become visible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: As compton scatter increases, contrast decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: as body part thickness decreases, contrast increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: as field size increase, contrast increases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Contrast evaluation can be made only when sufficient density exists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: at the 100 kVp range, a visible change in contrast will not be perceived until kVp is changed 10% or more. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: kilovoltage controls the relationship between photoelectric versus compton interactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: milliamere-seconds influences contrast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: as focal spot increases, contrast increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: as grid ratio increases, contrast increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the primary method for adjusting contrast with digital imaging systems is through window width manipulations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photoelectric vs. comptons have a ratio of ____:_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The detail of a radiographic image is visible because of _____ and _____ |
|
Definition
| sufficient contrast and density |
|
|
Term
| the difference between two adjacent densities is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a radiograph with few shades of gray exhibits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of radiograph provides the most information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the controlling factor for contrast is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a radiograph that demonstrates considerable differences between densities is called: |
|
Definition
| short scale; high contrast; increased contrast |
|
|
Term
| a radiograph that demonstrates minimal differences between densities is called: |
|
Definition
| long scale; low contrast; decreased contrast |
|
|
Term
| image receptor contrast is expressed as the ___ of the D log E curve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive density; inadequate density; a wider range of densities |
|
|
Term
| As the slope of the D log E curve ____, contrast ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As kVp ____, a _____ range of photon energies is produced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
contrast increases with each of the following except:
-decrease kVp
-decreased field size
-decreased part thickness
-increased scatter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high contrast is directly related to _____ |
|
Definition
| the number of photoelectric interactions |
|
|
Term
| which generator type results in the greatest decrease in contrast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which does not increase contrast?
-increasing grid ratio
-increasing the amount of irradiated tissue
-decreasing filtration
-decreasing kVp |
|
Definition
| increasing the amount of irradiated tissue |
|
|
Term
| The concept of contrast as it is displayed on a soft-copy monitor for digital images is described as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you increase the # of photons, the number of photoelectric interactions is _______ and the penetrability of the beam is __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a lower kVp is used there is (more/less) photoelectric absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a higher kVp is used there is (more/less) Compton Scatter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At 40 kVp the ratio of Photoelectric:Compton is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The higher the # of the relative speed; the (faster/slower) the system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when WW is increased; contrast is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controlling factor for density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| influencing factor for density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 15% rule controls _____ and influences _____ |
|
Definition
| controls contrast; influences density |
|
|
Term
| when kVp is increased; quality and quanity are ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you must increase or decrease mAs by ____% to see a visible density difference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what absorbs low energy photons which increases the average energy of the beam. this causes film density to decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intensifying screens _____ contrast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grids ______ density and _______ contrast |
|
Definition
| decrease density; increase contrast |
|
|
Term
| which automatic processor solution is most affected by contamination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
contrast decreases with:
-inadequate density
-excessive density
-a wider range of densities
-all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the restrainer added to the developer is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary chemical agents in the fixer are called _____ agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the max density that the film is able to record is the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of film is pre-exposed to Dmax so that additional exposure will cause a reversal of the image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as phosphor crystal size increase, resolution ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: distortion is a geometric property affecting radiographic image quality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: objects that are farthest from the image receptor are magnified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: objects that are farthest from the image receptor are minimized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: shape distortion is the misrepresentation by unequal magnification of the actual shape of the object being examined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: shape distortion is the misrepresentation by unequal magnification of the actual size of the object being examined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: changes in the tube angle cause elongation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the long axis of the anatomical part is intended to be positioned perpendicular to the CR and parallel to the IR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Angulation of the tube is designed to cause a controlled amount of shape distortion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Minification and magnification are not possible in digital image receptor systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distortion is a misrepresentation of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size distortion in radiography can be ____ only. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size distortion is controlled by: |
|
Definition
| SID, OID, radiographic distances |
|
|
Term
| As size distortion decreases, the resolution of recorded detail _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ the SID, the ____ the magnification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examinations of body parts with a large inherent OID use ___ whenever possible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which exam does not exhibit any inheritly large OID |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As OID increases and SID remains constant, entrance skin exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large patients receive a greater exposure than small patients because their: |
|
Definition
SOD is decreased
OID is increased
entrance skin surface is closer to the source |
|
|
Term
| the magnification factor for a procedure is 1.25. It may be assumed that there is a _____ magnification of the object size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which occurs when the tube or the IR is not properly aligned? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which occurs when the part is improperly aligned? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proper alignment is achieved when the CR is ____ to the part and _____ to the IR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the position of the patient is reversed, the direction of the tube angle must be ___ to maintain the relationship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: double emulsion film must be loaded with the notch in the lower left corner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: single-emulsion film must be loaded with the emulsion toward the intensifying screen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the gelatin found in the emulsion chimically reacts with silver halides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: double-emulsion film is sometimes called duplitized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the supercoat is a layer of hard, protective adhesive material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: primarily, it is x-ray photons that interact with the film |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the ejected halide electron is attracted to and trapped by a sensitivity speck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: when the sensitivity speck traps a free electron, it becomes negatively charged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A negatively charged sensitivity speck attracts a free silver cation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a silver cation is attracted to the negatively charged sensitivity speck, the speck is ionized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F:direct exposure film has a double emulsion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the complete construction of diagnostic radiographic film includes: |
|
Definition
| a polyester base; an adhesive material; an emulsion |
|
|
Term
| qualities of a good film base include: |
|
Definition
| flexibility; stability; uniform lucency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glue the emulsion to the base |
|
|
Term
| emulsion is composed of gelatin and: |
|
Definition
| silver halide crystals; silver salt; photosensitive crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distribute the crystals evenly over the surface of the film |
|
|
Term
| the photosensitive agents used in diagnostic radiographic film include silver... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most commonly used silver halide is silver: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which one of the radiographic films is not a single-emulsion film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the waste product formed during crystal production is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each crystal is a cubic lattice of each of the following attoms except: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the crystal lattice is bound together with which type of bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the impurity added to the crystal lattice is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the impurity added to the crystal lattice is called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the purpose of the sensitivity speck is to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of film is sensitive to all colors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which photons primarily interact with the radiographic film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the unseen change in the atomic structure of the crystal lattice is called the ____ image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to the gurney-mott theory, the incident photon interacts with one of the halides and ejects a/an: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a single incident photon may free ____ electrons for deposition at sensitivity specks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of film has the fastest speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a small crystal size will produce _____ resolution and ____ speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| radiographic film should be stored: |
|
Definition
-at a temp below 68* F
-in 30-60 % humidity
-on end |
|
|
Term
| T or F: the primary reason rare-earth phosphors have gained widespread acceptance is because they offer increased speed while maintaining resolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: to ensure max latent image formation, it is important that film sensitivity and spectral emission match |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F:the predominant phosphor used in intensifying screens is the rare-earth phosphor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F:as conversion efficiency increases, the radiation dose to the patient increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F:a high atomic # phosphor is desirable to decrease the probability of an incident x-ray photon interaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: intensifying screens and film exhibit the same types of characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F:an increase in kVp will cause a decease in screen speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: smaller crystals and a thinner layer decrease resolution and increase speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the naked eye can resolve approximately 50 lp/mm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to eliminate quantum mottle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intensifying-screen resolution is controlled by each of the following except phosphor _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a phophor is struck by an xray photon, it will emit light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rare-earth screens use phosphors with atomic #s of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cassettes should be stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an insufficient quantity of photons strikes the intensifying screen, ___ will appear on the film as graininess. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intensifying screens are used to |
|
Definition
-reduce patient dose
-produce light photons
-amplify the incoming xray beam |
|
|
Term
| The protective layer of an intensifying screen is easily damaged by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the normal life of an intensifying screen is ____ years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ability of a material to emit light in response to excitation is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the precise wavelength of light emitted by the phosphor is termed the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what % of the latent image is formed by the light photons produced on the intensifying screen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an intensifying screen consists of each of the following except the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delayed phosphorescent emission is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ability of the phosphor to emit as much light per xray photon interaction as possible is a measurement of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when light emitted from a phosphor is delayed, it is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intensifying screens are typically used with which type of film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| until the 1970s, the most commonly utilized phosphor in radiography was |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to increase the speed of an intensifying screen, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which one of the following is not related to resolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the active layer of the intensifying screen is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an important component of the base of an intensifying screen is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when light is emitted from a phosphor instantaneously, it is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| poor screen/film contact can produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of interaction that takes place between the x-ray photon and the high-atomic-number phosphor is |
|
Definition
| photoelectric and compton |
|
|
Term
| What % of the latent image is formed by x-ray photons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT one of the layers of radiographic film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Good characteristics of screen phosphor material include: |
|
Definition
-High atomic #
-Minimal afterglow
-Emits a large amount of visible light when struck by x-ray photons |
|
|
Term
| As speed screen increases, image quality ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As phosphor layer thickness increases, screen speed ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orthochromatic is sensitive to all except for ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in temperature of an intensifying screen will ______ screen speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the faster the screen speed, the less radiation required to properly expose the film. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the sensitivity speck? |
|
Definition
| to attract a free silver ion |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of adding blue tint: |
|
Definition
| reduce eye strain and improve diagnostic accuracy |
|
|
Term
| which types of information are used by computers? |
|
Definition
| operating instructions and collected facts |
|
|
Term
| Computed Radiography first became available in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Computed Radiography detectors can detect information from which source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the use of high kVp settings will result in ______ scatter production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Changes in tube angle cause foreshortening, never elongation. |
|
Definition
|
|
