Term
| What are the branches of the superficial temporal artery? |
|
Definition
| Transverse facial branch and middle temporal branch |
|
|
Term
| What forms the retromandibular vein? |
|
Definition
| Joining of the maxillary vein and superficial temporal vein |
|
|
Term
| What forsm the common facial vein? |
|
Definition
| Joining of the retromandibular vein and the facial vein |
|
|
Term
| What nerve ascends with the superficial temporal artery and vein? |
|
Definition
| Auriculotemporal nerve (V3) |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
| Temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| What is the developmental origin of the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
| 1st pharyngeal arch of the embryo |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
| Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3) |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the infratemporal fossa? |
|
Definition
| Sphenomandibular ligament, lateral and medial pterygoid muscle, mandibular nerve and branches, chorda tympani, maxillary artery branches, pterygoid plexus of veins |
|
|
Term
| What is the developmental origin of the sphenomandibular ligament? |
|
Definition
| 1st pharyngeal arch of the embryo |
|
|
Term
| What are the attachment points of the sphenomandibular ligament? |
|
Definition
| Spine of sphenoid bone to lingula of mandible |
|
|
Term
| What ligament limits the extreme protrusion of the mandible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the upper and lower heads of the lateral pterygoid attach? |
|
Definition
| Greater wing of sphenoid an lateral pterygoid plate respectively |
|
|
Term
| What action is performed by contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscle? |
|
Definition
| Depress and protrude mandible, unilateral contraction pushes chin to contralateral side |
|
|
Term
| Where do the superficial and deep heads of the medial pterygoid attach? |
|
Definition
| Maxillary tuberosity and lateral ptarygoid plate respectivel |
|
|
Term
| What action is performed by the medial pterygoid muscle? |
|
Definition
| Elevates amandible, unilateral contraction assists lateral pterygoid in side-to-side movement |
|
|
Term
| What forms the mandiubular sling? |
|
Definition
| Medial pterygoid and masseter muscles |
|
|
Term
| The mandibular nerve (V3) enters the infratemporal fossa through what opening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is distinct about the mandibular branch of CN V in contrast to the other two branches? |
|
Definition
| Only division of CN V that carries motor fibers to innervate muscles of mastication |
|
|
Term
| The meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve travels to what area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is innervated by the anterior division of the mandibular nerve? |
|
Definition
| Muscles of mastication and sensory to the cheek via a buccal branch |
|
|
Term
| What kind of innervation is provided by the posterior division of the mandibular nerve? |
|
Definition
| Gives off auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves which are sensory with the exception of the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar |
|
|
Term
| Where does the auriculotemporal nerve split? |
|
Definition
| Around middle meningeal artery before exiting the infratemporal fossa behind the neck of the mandible |
|
|
Term
| What provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
| Auriculotemporal nerve via otic ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What carries general sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and floor of the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
| Lingual nerve branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) |
|
|
Term
| What carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue as well as preganglionic innervation to submandibular ganglion? |
|
Definition
| Chorda tympani branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) |
|
|
Term
| What carries general sensation from mandibular teeth and gengiva? |
|
Definition
| Inferior alveolar nerve branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) |
|
|
Term
| What carries sensation from mucosa and skin of lower lip, chin, and incisive teeth? |
|
Definition
| Mental nerve branch of the inferior alveolar nerve |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the first part of the maxillary artery? |
|
Definition
| Deep auricular & anterior tympanic arteries, middle meningeal artery, inferior alveolar artery |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the second part of the maxillary artery? |
|
Definition
| Deep temporal arteries, buccal artery |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the third part of the maxillary artery? |
|
Definition
| Infraorbital, greater palatine, sphenopalatine, pharyngeal, artery of pterygoid canal, and posterior superior alveolar artery |
|
|
Term
| Where do most branches of the third part of the maxillary artery originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the pterygoid plexus of veins? |
|
Definition
| Surrounds lateral pterygoid muscle |
|
|
Term
| What connects the pterygoid plexus of veins to the cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the pterygoid plexus of veins to the facial veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pterygoid plexus of veins coalesce to form what vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What subdivides the articular cavity of the temporomandibular joint into upper and lower cavities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What movements are performed by the temporomandibular joint? |
|
Definition
| Hinge via lower cavity and gliding via upper cavity |
|
|
Term
| What depresses and opens the jaw for chewing? |
|
Definition
| Primarily gravity and lateral pterygoid muscle though other accessory masticatory muscles help |
|
|
Term
| What elevates and retracts the jaw for closure during chewing? |
|
Definition
| Masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles |
|
|
Term
| What shifts the mandible side to side during chewing? |
|
Definition
| Masseter and medial pterygoid muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
| Between pterygoid process of the sphenoid and the maxilla, medial to the nasal cavity and lateral to the infratemporal fossa |
|
|
Term
| How does the pterygopalatine fossa communicate with the infratemporal fossa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the pterygopalatine fossa communicate with the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the pterygopalatine fossa communicate with the orbit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the pterygopalatine fossa communicate with the middle cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the pterygopalatine fossa communicate with the foramen lacerum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the pterygopalatine fossa communicate with the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the pterygopalatine fossa communicate with the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
| Pterygopalatine ganglion, branches of V2 (maxillary n.), and third part of the maxillary artery |
|
|
Term
| How does the maxillary artery enter the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
| From the infratemporal fossa via the pterygomaxillary fissure |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 branches of the maxillary artery within the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
| Posterior and superior alveolar artery, infraorbital artery, artery of the pterygoid canal, pharyngeal artery, greater palatine artery, sphenopalatine artery |
|
|
Term
| What is the route of the artery of the pterygoid canal in the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
| Through the pterygoid canal to the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the route of the pharyngeal artery in the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
| Through the palovaginal canal to the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the route of the greater palatine artery in the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
| Through the greater palatine canal alongside the greater palatine nerve to the hard palate. Gives off lesser palatine artery to supply the soft palate |
|
|
Term
| What is the route of the sphenopalatine artery in the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
| Medially through the sphenopalatine foramen to supply the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the ganglion found on the sensory root of CN V (trigeminal n.) |
|
Definition
| Trigeminal/semilunar ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Where does V1 (ophthalmic n.) exit the cranium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does V2 (maxillary n.) exit the cranium? |
|
Definition
| Foramen rotundum to enter the pterygopalatine fossa |
|
|
Term
| Where does V3 (mandibular n.) exit the cranium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ganglion does V2 (maxillary n.) synapse with within the pterygopalatine fossa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does V2 (maxillary n.) become the infraorbital nerve? |
|
Definition
| After it traverses the infraorbital fissure |
|
|
Term
| What are all the branches of V2 (maxillary n.)? |
|
Definition
| Zygomatic, nasal, posterior superior alveolar, infraorbital, pharyngeal, greater and lesser palatine nerves, ganglionic branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the destination of the zygomatic nerve and what is its route? |
|
Definition
| Enters orbit through inferior orbital fissure, enters zygomatic foramen |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the zygomatic nerve? |
|
Definition
| Zygomaticofacial and Zygomaticotemporal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Which branch of the zygomatic nerve communicates with the lacrimal nerve of V1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the nasal branch of V2 (maxillary n.) enter the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the nasal nerve distributes within the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Superior and inferior posterior lateral nasal nerves and the nasopalatine nerve which passes through the incisive canal to innervate the anterior plate |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the maxillary teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the superior alveolar nerve? |
|
Definition
| Posterior, middle, and anterior superior alveolar nerves. Posterior is a direct branch of V2 while the middle and anterior are branches of the infraorbital nerve |
|
|
Term
| What gives off the infraorbital nerve? |
|
Definition
| A continuation of V2 (maxillary n.) in the inferior orbital fissure through the pterygopalatine fossa and the orbit |
|
|
Term
| What nerve traverses the pterygopalatine ganglion with synapsing? |
|
Definition
| Postganglionic and sensory nerve fibers from V2 (maxillary n.) |
|
|
Term
| What preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion? |
|
Definition
| Greater petrosal nerve which is a branch of CN VII (facial n.) at the geniculate ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion? |
|
Definition
| Deep petrosal nerve which branches from the internal carotid plexus |
|
|
Term
| What are the targets of postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion? |
|
Definition
| Lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, and palate |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the lacrimal gland? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic from pterygopalatine ganglion and sympathetic from superior cervical ganglion, also lacrimal nerve via communicating branch from zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| What effect does parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation have on the lacrimal gland? |
|
Definition
| Secretomotor and vasomotor (vasoconstriction) respectively |
|
|
Term
| Where does V3 (mandibular n.) exit the cranium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about V3 (mandibular n.) among the divisions of CN V (trigeminal n.)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What branches are given off by the main trunk of V3 (mandibular n.)? |
|
Definition
| Meningeal branch (sensory) and nerve to medial pterygoid (motor) |
|
|
Term
| What are the nerves given off by the anterior division of V3 (mandibular n.)? |
|
Definition
| Buccal (only sensory branch, others are motor), masseteric, deep temporal nerves and nerve to lateral pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the posterior division of V3 (mandibular n.)? |
|
Definition
| Auriculotemporal (sensory), lingual (sensory), and inferior alveolar nerves (gives off nerve to mylohyoid (motor) and mental nerve (sensory)) |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
| Temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid, and masseter muscles |
|
|
Term
| What other muscles other than those used for mastication are supplied by V3 (mandibular n.)? |
|
Definition
| Tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric |
|
|
Term
| What is supplied by the nerve to the mylohyoid? |
|
Definition
| Mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is supplied by the auriculotemporal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Carries postganglionic parasympathetic innervation from otic ganglion to parotid gland, also supplies cutaneous sensation to the temporal region and auricle |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lingual nerve? |
|
Definition
| Contains GSA sensation fibers from anterior 2/3 tongue, receives nerve fibers from chorda tympani |
|
|
Term
| What gives off the chorda tympani nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the chorda tympani nerve? |
|
Definition
| Carries SVA taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue and preganglionic sympathetic fibers for the submandibular ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the inferior alveolar nerve? |
|
Definition
| Gives off nerve to mylohyoid, enters mandible via mandibular canal and gives rise to the inferior dental plexus before terminating as the incisive nerve and the mental nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is innervated by the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve - the incisive and mental nerves? |
|
Definition
| Former innervates mandibular first premolar, canine and incisor teeth, latter innervates the chin and lower lip |
|
|
Term
| What provides parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands? |
|
Definition
| Branches of CN VII (facial n.)via chorda tympani nerve synapses at submandibular ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What provides parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
| Tympanic branch of CN IX (glossopharyngeal) gives off lesser petrosal nerve which synapses at the otic ganglion which gives off fibers to the parotid gland |
|
|
Term
| What bones make up the bony orbit? |
|
Definition
| Frontal; maxilla; zygomatic; sphenoid; ethmoid; lacrimal; palatine |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the roof of the bony orbit? |
|
Definition
| Orbital part of frontal, lesser wing of sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the medial wall of the bony orbit? |
|
Definition
| Thinnest wall, related to ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses, made up of ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and lacrimal bones |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the lateral wall of the bony orbit? |
|
Definition
| Thickest wall, made up of frontal process of zygomatic and greater wing of sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the floor of the bony orbit? |
|
Definition
| Maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, related to maxillary sinus |
|
|
Term
| What separates the floor of the bony orbit from the lateral wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the orbit is most commonly associated with blow out fractures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protrusion of the eyeball is referred to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of a blow-out fracture on the bones of the orbit? |
|
Definition
| Displaces orbital walls, pushes intraorbital contents into the sinuses |
|
|
Term
| What are the observable effects of a blow-out fracture? |
|
Definition
| Pain, swelling, diplopia, inhibited upward gaze due to entrapment of inferior oblique, enopthalamos |
|
|
Term
| What traverses the optic canal and what areas does it connect? |
|
Definition
| Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery, communicates with middle cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the superior orbital fissure? What does it communicate with? |
|
Definition
| Superior opthalmic vein, CN III, IV, and V2, branches of CN V1, communicates with middle cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| What is transmitted through the inferior orbital fissure and what does it communicate with? |
|
Definition
| Orbital and zygomatic branches of CN V2, inferior ophthalmic vein, veins communicating with the pterygoid plexus, communicates with pterygopalatine fossa |
|
|
Term
| What travels through the supraorbital notch/foramen? |
|
Definition
| Supraorbital artery and nerve |
|
|
Term
| What travels through the infraorbital groove and canal? |
|
Definition
| Infraorbital artery and nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is transmitted through the lacrimal canal and what does it communicate with? |
|
Definition
| Nasolacrimal duct, connects to inferior nasal meatus |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen? |
|
Definition
| Anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries and nerves respectively |
|
|
Term
| What separates the eyelids? |
|
Definition
| Medial and lateral palpebral commissures |
|
|
Term
| Eyelashes are associated with what glands? |
|
Definition
| Glands of Zeiss (sebaceous glands) glands of Moll (modified sweat glands) |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the rigidity of the eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscles insert into the tarsal plate? |
|
Definition
| Levator palpebrae superioris and superior tarsal muscle, contains large sebaceous glands called Meibomean/tarsal glands |
|
|
Term
| What are secreted by tarsal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection of the eyelid involving Meibomian glands or the glands of Zeiss due to obstruction or infection of an eyelash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noninfections obstruction of Meibomian glands causing inflammation, irritation, and cysts |
|
|
Term
| What causes the inability to fully close eyelids in Bell's palsy? |
|
Definition
| Paralysis of orbicularis oculi due to damage to CN VII |
|
|
Term
| Ptosis is a term used for what symptom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paralysis of what muscles causes ptosis? |
|
Definition
| Levator palpebrae superioris (CN III damage) or superior tarsal muscle (Horner syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| The lacrimal duct drains into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe he pathway tears take from the lacrimal gland to excretion |
|
Definition
| Lacrimal canaliculi -> lacrimal puncta on the summit of the lacrimal papilla -> lacrimal sac -> nasolacrimal duct -> inferior nasal meatus |
|
|
Term
| Tears are spread evenly over the eyeball through blinking and accumulation in an area known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides innervation signalling for the excretion of tears? |
|
Definition
| Greater petrosal n. via CN VII -> pterygopalatin ganglion -> zygomatic n. and lacrimal n. via CN V2 -> lacrimal gland |
|
|
Term
| What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the lacrimal apparatus? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic = secretomotor, Sympathetic = vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the fibrous layer of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
| Sclera, cornea, and corneoscleral junction (limbus) |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the vascular layer (Uvea) of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
| Choroid, ciliary body, iris |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the neural layer of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the eyeball do not make up its various coats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the central aperture of the iris known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the ciliary body of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
| Ciliary muscles (ciliary muscle, sphincter pupillae, and dilator pupillae) and processes |
|
|
Term
| What secretes aqueous humor in the eye? |
|
Definition
| Ciliary processes of the ciliary body |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of sphincter and dilator pupillae? |
|
Definition
| Myosis (pupilloconstriction) and mydriasis (pupillodilation) respectively |
|
|
Term
| How do ciliary muscles mediate far vision and near vision? |
|
Definition
| Relax to flatten the lens for far vision, constrict to relax the suspensory ligament and thicken the lens for near vision |
|
|
Term
| How does aqueous humor secreted by the ciliary processes drain out of the eye? |
|
Definition
| Anterior chamber -> trabecular meshwork -> iridocorneal junction -> exits via spaces of the Fontana into Schlemm's canal |
|
|
Term
| How many layers are there to the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the outermost layers of the retina? |
|
Definition
| Retinal pigment epithelium adjacent to the choroid and nerve fiber layer that forms the optic nerve in the optic disc |
|
|
Term
| What purpose do rods and cones serve? |
|
Definition
| Rods = night vision, cones = color vision |
|
|
Term
| Where is the highest concentration of cones found? |
|
Definition
| Fovea (a small pit in the macular lutea) |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives off the posterior auricular artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives off the anterior auricular artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerves provide sensory innervation to the auricle? |
|
Definition
| Lesser occipital (C2), great auricular (C2-3), auriculotemporal nerve (V3) |
|
|
Term
| What provides branches for sensory innervation to the external auditory meatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The handle of the malleus attaches to what part of the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the Pars tensa from the Pars flaccida? |
|
Definition
| Anterior and posterior malleolar folds |
|
|
Term
| What provides branches for sensory innervation of the outer surface of the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides branches for sensory innervation of the inner surface of the tympanic membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The middle ear is located in what bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different parts of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| Tympanic cavity, epitympanic recess |
|
|
Term
| What allows communication between the middle ear and the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different walls of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| Tegmental, jugular, membranous, anterior, labyrinthine, and mastoid walls |
|
|
Term
| What separates the middle ear from the middle cranial fossa and serves as the roof of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the middle ear from the internal jugular vein and makes up the floor of the middle ear? What is contained within it? |
|
Definition
| Jugular wall, contains tympanic canaliculus |
|
|
Term
| What part of the middle ear consists almost entirely of the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
| Membranous (lateral) wall |
|
|
Term
| What separates the middle ear from the internal carotid artery in the carotid canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What landmarks and structures are found in the anterior wall of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| Opening of canal of tensor tympani muscle, entrance of the pharyngotympanic tube, foramen for exit of the chorda tympani, foramen for exit of the lesser petrosal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What part of the middle ear separates it from the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| Labyrinthine (medial) wall |
|
|
Term
| What landmarks and structures are found in the labyrinthine wall of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| Promontory which is formed by the basal turn of the cochlea, oval window to which the foot of the stapes is attached, round window, prominence of the facial canal, prominence of lateral semicircular canal |
|
|
Term
| What separates the middle ear and the mastoid air cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mastoid (posterior) wall is superiorly continuous with what? What does the mastoid wall contain? |
|
Definition
| Continuous with aditus to mastoid air cells, contains pyramidal eminence of stapedius tendon and the opening for the chorda tympani to enter the ear |
|
|
Term
| What are the auditor ossicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chorda tympani travels between what structures as it crosses the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| Between incus and malleus |
|
|
Term
| Surgical incision of the tympanic membrane is made in what quadrant? |
|
Definition
| Posterior inferior quadrant |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the ear functions to transmit sound waves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the transmission of sound waves through the inner ear |
|
Definition
| Sound -> tympanic membrane -> moves ossicles -> moves oval window -> moves perilymph in scala vestibuli and scala tympani -> waves activate receptors in the spiral organ |
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Term
| What relieves pressure from received sound waves in the ear? |
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Definition
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Term
| What attenuates the tympanic membrane in response to very loud noises? |
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Definition
| Tensor tympani and stapedius |
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Term
| What innervates the tensor tympani, allowing it to attenuate the tympanic membrane in response to loud noises? What is it attached to? |
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Definition
| Nerve to medial pterygoid via CN V3, attached to malleus |
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Term
| What innervates the stapedius, allowing it to attenuate the tympanic membrane in response to loud noises? What is it attached to? |
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Definition
| Nerve to the stapedius via CN VII, attached to stapes |
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Term
| What is linked by the pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube? |
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Definition
| Nasopharynx to middle ear |
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Term
| What muscles are attached to the pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube? |
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Definition
| Levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini |
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Term
| What bone contains the inner ear? |
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Definition
| Petrous part of temporal bone |
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Term
| What makes up the bony labyrinth of the inner ear? |
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Definition
| Vistibule, cochlea, semicircular canals |
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Term
| What substance fills the bony labyrinth? |
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Definition
| Perilymph, also contains the membranous labyrinth |
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Term
| What makes up the membranous labyrinth? |
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Definition
| Semicircular ducts, cochlear duct, utricle, saccule |
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Term
| What substance fills the membranous labyrinth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "organ of hearing"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are detected by the crista of the anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular ducts? |
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Definition
| Direction of movement (vestibular apparatus) |
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Term
| What is detected by the macula of the utricle and saccule of the membranous labyrinth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What divides the chamber of the nose into two nasal passages? |
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Definition
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Term
| The air space housed by the external nose is referred to as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The nasal cavity on the skull is referred to as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The inferior margin of the nasal aperture has a bony prominence known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The posterior openings of the nasal passages are known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two choanae join to form what in the nose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms the roof of the nasal cavities and the superior portion of the lateral wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms the superior portion of the nasal septum? |
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Definition
| Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone |
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Term
| Which nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What functions to increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is found in the meatuses lateral to the nasal conchae? |
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Definition
| Openings for communication with the paranasal sinuses and the orbit |
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Term
| The olfactory mucosa is limited to lining what part of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
| Superior nasal concha and the adjacent portion of the septum |
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Term
| The respiratory mucosa is thickest over what part of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
| Inferior and middle concha and the septum adjacent to the middle meatus |
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Term
| What controls the vascular plexuses of the respiratory mucosa in the nose? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic GVE innervation from T1 which synapse at the superior cervical ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which on nasal cavity is most often more congested than the other. Allows for alternating repair of damaged channels |
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Term
| What provides blood to the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
| Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries from the opthalmic artery, sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries from the maxillary artery, lateral nasal and superior labial arteries from the facial artery |
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Term
| What area of the nose is most susceptible to nose bleeds? |
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Definition
| Anterior inferior region of the nasal septum, known as Kiesselbach's plexus or Little's area |
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Term
| Why is Kisselbach's plexus (aka Little's area) the most common site of nosebleeds? |
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Definition
| Site of anastomoses of nasal arteries |
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Term
| Nosebleeds of the posterior nasal cavity are less common and more serious and involve what artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| Veins in the nose that accompany the maxillary artery drain into what? |
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Definition
| Pterygoid plexus of veins |
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Term
| Veins from the anterior region of the nasal cavities drain into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Veins that accompany the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries drain into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What innervates the nasal septum? |
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Definition
| Anterior ethmoidal nerve via CN V1 and posterior lateral nasal nerve via CN V2 |
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Term
| Olfactory receptor neurons reach CN I from the nasal septum by passing through what structure? |
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Definition
| Cribiform plate of the ethmoid |
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Term
| What are the paranasal sinuses? |
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Definition
| Frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoid sinus, ethmoidal air cells |
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Term
| The nasolacrimal duct drains into what part of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the hiatus semilunaris located and what openings are found there? |
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Definition
| Middle meatus, contains openings of the frontonasal duct, anterior ethmoidal air cells, and the maxillary sinus |
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Term
| The bulla ethmoidalis in the middle meatus contains an opening to what? |
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Definition
| Middle ethmoidal air cells |
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Term
| The posterior ethmoidal air cells drain into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The region of the pharaynx posterior to the choanae and above the soft palate is referred to as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is found within the mucosal coverings of the roof of the nasopharynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ring of lymphoid tissues around the nasal and oral openings formed by the various tonsils is referred to as what? |
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Definition
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