Term
| End Diastolic Volume (EDV) |
|
Definition
| volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole |
|
|
Term
| End Systolic Volume (ESV) |
|
Definition
| volume of blood in the ventricles after systole-after ejection is complete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle w/each contraction; SV=EDV-ESV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of blood pumped by each ventricle/min.; CO=HR X SV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difference between the maximum CO and resting CO |
|
|
Term
| Control of Cardiac Output |
|
Definition
| 1)Regulation of HR 2)Changing SV 3)Venous Return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanism that affects the cardiac rate; increases HR=+ effect; decreases HR= - effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate set by SA node's rate of depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of HR: Parasympathetic input |
|
Definition
| 1)Decrease HR-lengthens drift time 2)Increase PR interval-nodal delay |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of HR: Sympathetic input |
|
Definition
| 1)Increases SA's node rate of depolarization=increases HR 2) Reduces AV nodal delay 3)Increases force of contraction |
|
|
Term
| Changing SV (EDV-ESV) variables |
|
Definition
| 1)Increasing EDV 2)Contractility 3)TPR |
|
|
Term
| Changing SV: Increasing EDV |
|
Definition
| 1)Increases SV 2)Increasing venous return will increase EDV |
|
|
Term
| Changing SV: contractility |
|
Definition
| Frank-Starling Law of the Heart: length/tension relationship of cardiac muscle; intrinsic control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Increase BP-Heart has to work harder
2)Increase BP-decrease SV
3)Increase the force of contraction will decrease ESV and increase SV
4)Increase Venous return-increase EDV/SV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depends on total blood volume and venous pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)1 way valves
2)respiratory pump
3)skeletal pump
4)vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| Permeability of fluid exchange between capillaries and tissues depends on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depends on the permeability of the solute (non-polars); exchange from plasma to ISF to ICF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passive movement of H2O and solutes across the capillary walls through small pores between the endothelial cells that line the vessel |
|
|
Term
| Bulk flow is important for what? |
|
Definition
| balancing the ECF between the plasma and ISF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Increase BP-excessive filtrate
2)Venous obstruction-Increases cap.pressure and increases filtrate
3)Leakage of plasma proteins
4)Decreases plasma protein concentration
5)Obstruction of lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of B. volume by the kidneys |
|
Definition
1)Glomeruli-filtration
2)Reabsorption
3)Regulation by ADH
4)Regulation by aldosterone
5)Regulation by the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
6) Atrial Natriuretic Hormone |
|
|
Term
| Regulation by the Renin-Angiontensin-Aldosterone System |
|
Definition
1)decreases B. volume
2)decreases B. pressure
3)decreases B. flow to kidneys ->decreases filtration ->decreases Cl- |
|
|
Term
| Atrial Natriuretic Hormone |
|
Definition
| Kidney -> increases NaCl dumped -> increases H2O lose -> decreases volume -> decreases BP |
|
|
Term
| What is the main driving force of Blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 major factors for blood flow resistance |
|
Definition
1)Increasing length -> increases SA -> increases resistance
2)Increasing viscosity -> slows down blood flow
3)Radius-double radius increases blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Arterioles: Blood flow to an organ depends on... |
|
Definition
1)BP-all over the body
2)# of arterioles supplying the organ
3)Diameter of the arterioles supplying the organ |
|
|
Term
| Decrease SNS activity causes... |
|
Definition
1)Muscles to relax
2)Vasodilation
3)Decreases resistance |
|
|
Term
| Increase SNS activity causes... |
|
Definition
1)Contracts muscles
2)Vasoconstriction
3)Increases resistance |
|
|
Term
| 4 local metabolic changes which promote vasodilation |
|
Definition
1)Decrease O2
2)Decrease Nutrients
3)Increase CO2
4)Increase Waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nitric Oxide; Arteriolar dilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promotes relaxation and increases blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Local heat or Cold application |
|
Definition
Heat=vasodilation
Cold=vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alpha receptors; vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beta 1 receptors; vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Exercise: Generalized effects |
|
Definition
| Due to increased SNS activity vasoconstriction occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Due to depletion of O2 and accumulation of CO2 and lactic acid in muscles dilation occurs |
|
|
Term
| Arterioles in skeletal and cardiac muscle... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterioles in digestive system and kidneys... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same, constant, sufficient flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HR & SV (blood volume) & TPR; Any one goes up-BP increases; Any one goes down-BP decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systolic-highest (180); Diastolic-lowest (80) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Systolic-diastolic=PP
Ex) 180-80=40 |
|
|
Term
| Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) |
|
Definition
Average arterial pressure during cardiac cycle
Ex)Diastolic + PP/3 = MAP
80 + 40/3 = 93 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Baroreceptors w/in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries provide constant info. regarding BP
2)Mechanoreceptors generate an AP in response to ongoing pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Receptor-baroreceptors
2)Afferent pathway
3)Integrating center
4)Efferent pathway
5)Effector organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Baro.response:increases
2)Afferent neurons: increase # of AP firing
3)Efferent neurons: increase para./decrease symp.
4)Effector organs: increase para.; decrease HR/SV; B.vessels-vasodilation
5)Overall effect: decreases CO/TPR; decreases BP-back to normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Baro.response: decreases
2)Afferent neuron: decreases # of AP firing
3)Efferent neuron: decreases para./increases symp.
4)Effector organs: Increases HR/SV; Blood vessels-constrict
5)Overall effect: Increases CO/TPR; Increases BP-back to normal |
|
|
Term
| Hypertension: Causes and Dangers |
|
Definition
1)BP>140/90
2)Increase NaCl
3)Increase stress
4)Lack of exercise
5)Smoking
6)Obesity
7)Alcohol
8)Genetics
*All lead to heart disease and stroke* |
|
|
Term
| Hypotension: Causes and Dangers |
|
Definition
1)BP<100/60
2)Orthostatic hypotension
3)Circulatory shock
4)Anaphylactic shock
5)Hypovolemic shock
6)Septic shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not enough blood to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase histamine; severe allergic reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease BP; have infection that has gone systemic |
|
|
Term
| Decreased HR _______________ Cardiac output. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased stroke volume ______________ cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased venous radius _________ the blood flow through the vein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased skeletal muscle activity __________ venous return. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased parasympathetic nerve activity _________ the HR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased sympathetic nerve activity _________ the arteriolar radius. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased sympathetic activity ________ the venous radius. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased end-diastolic volume __________ the end-systolic volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased venous constriction _________ the venous return. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased EDV ___________ the force of ventricular contraction, which ___________ ESV, which ___________ SV, which ___________ CO, which _____________ BP. |
|
Definition
| Increases, Decreases, Increases, Increases, Increases |
|
|
Term
| The faster the heart beats the less time it spends in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the heart meet its increased metabolic needs? |
|
Definition
| Coronary Blood vessels dilate -> increase Blood supply |
|
|
Term
| Decrease O2 in skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| would produce arteriolar vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| A hyperemic response i the heart |
|
Definition
| would produce arteriolar vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Histamine release in an injured tissue |
|
Definition
| Would produce arteriolar vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Application of ice to a sprained ankle |
|
Definition
| Would produce arteriolar vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| Occlusion of an artery supplying a particular tissue |
|
Definition
| Would produce arteriolar vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine on cerebral arterioles |
|
Definition
| Would not cause an change in arteriolar caliber |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic discharge on skeletal muscle arterioles |
|
Definition
| Would not cause any change in arteriolar caliber |
|
|
Term
| Respirations role in Homeostasis |
|
Definition
1)Supply O2 for the production of ATP
2)Eliminate CO2
3)Maintain acid/base balance |
|
|
Term
| Respiration 3 basic functions |
|
Definition
1)Ventilation
2)Gas exchange
3)O2 utilization-cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| Other respiratory functions: respiratory related, but not for gas exchange |
|
Definition
1)Eliminate H2O and heat
2)Enables the sense of smell
3)Enhances venous return
4)Modifies some of the material carried in the blood
5)Maintains normal pH balance
6)Enables vocalization
7)Defends against inhaled foreign materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intracellular-cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Breathing
2)Exchange O2 and CO2 alveoli to blood
3)Blood transport from lungs to tissues
4)Exchange O2 and CO2 from blood to tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region specialized for gas exchange between lungs and blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ease w/which the lungs can expand under pressure; increase age -> decrease compliance; increase height -> increase compliance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atmospheric (barometric) pressure |
|
Definition
| sea level=760mmHg; Increase altitude=thinner the air; decrease in pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in sacs; at equilibrium=760mmHg, no air movement in/out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure w/in the thoracic cavity, but outside lungs; sealed chamber, air can't enter or leave; at rest=760mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Transmural pressure gradient |
|
Definition
1)Pressure across lung wall
2)Thoracic cavity is larger than lungs
3)Intra-alveolar press.>intraplueral press.
4)Elastic lungs stretch to meet and follow chest wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intrapleural pressure=atmospheric pressure; loss of transmural press. gradient causes lungs to collapse |
|
|
Term
| Air movement into alveoli requires that alveolar pressure is _____ atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
| less than; inspiration-air in until = to atom.press. |
|
|
Term
| Air movement out of alveoli requires that alveolar pressure is _____ atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
| Greater than; expiration-air out until = to atmo.press. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the volume of a gas increases, the pressure exerted by the gas decreases proportionally and conversely |
|
|
Term
| What pressure gradient keeps the lungs and chest wall together? |
|
Definition
| Transmural Pressure Gradient |
|
|
Term
| When the chest wall expands, the lungs expand, _______ lung volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the chest wall/lungs expand and lung volume increases, consequently, the pressure w/in the lungs ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Chest walls/lungs expand
2)Lung volume increases
3)Pressure w/in lungs decreases
4)Creates a pressure gradient allowing air to enter the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Muscles relaxed
2)Alveolar press.=atmospheric pressure
3)No air flow/movement |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory cycle: Inspiration |
|
Definition
1)Active process-phrenic nerve
2)Diaphragm contracts (pulls down)
3)External intercostals contract (pull chest wall up and out)
4)Atmo.pressure>intra-alveolar pressure
5)Intrapleural pressure decreases
6)Transmural pressure increases
7)Air enters until alveolar pressure=atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Increase lung expansion and decrease intra-alveolar pressure
2)Atmospheric pressure is much greater than intra-alveolar pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Passive-no ATP; inspiratory muscles relax
2)Chest wall falls and lungs recoil
3)Lung volume decreases, alveolar pressure increases
4)Intra-alveolar pressure>atmospheric pressure
5)Air flows out of lungs until alveolar pressure=atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How readily the lungs rebound after inflation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Active process-ATP
2)Abs contract-pull in
3)Internal intercostal muscles contract-pull rib cage in
4)Thoracic cavity/lung volume decreases
5)Intra-alveolar pressure is much greater than atmospheric pressure
6)Lungs NEVER empty completely |
|
|
Term
| What does Airway diameter determine? |
|
Definition
1)Resistance to air flow
2)Narrower airways-less room -> less movement
3)Wider airways-more room -> more movement |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation of Bronchioles causes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic stimulation of Bronchioles causes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic obstructive Lung (Pulmonary) Disease |
|
Definition
1)Asthma
2)Chronic bronchitis
3)Emphysema
4)All forms of obstructive lung disease make expiration more difficult than inspiration
5)FEV1-less than 80% |
|
|
Term
| Restrictive lung diseases |
|
Definition
| Inspiration capacity is reduced because 1 can't expand lungs; decrease TLC -> decreases VC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs in a single breath during quiet breathing (500cc) |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| The extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the tidal volume |
|
|
Term
| Expiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| The extra volume of air that can be actively expired by contraction of expiratory muscles beyond that normally expired (1000cc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold
2)Vital capacity + residual volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out during a single breath
2)Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal expiration |
|
|
Term
| Functional residual capacity |
|
Definition
| Volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal passive expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Amount of air breathed in and out in one minute
2)Respiratory rate X tidal volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Respiratory rate X (tidal volume - dead space volume)
2)Amount of air that is available for exchange of gases w/the blood per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of air that can be expired during the first second of expiration in a vital-capacity determination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of air i the respiratory airways |
|
|
Term
| The size of the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm is contracting is ____ the size of the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm is relaxed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lung volume before the diaphragm contracts is ___ lung volume after the diaphragm contracts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure during inspiration when air is flowing into the lungs is ___ intra-alveolar pressure before the onset of inspiration when no air is flowing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure at the end of inspiration is ___ atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of molecules of air in the lungs at the onset of inspiration is ___ the number of molecules of air in the lungs at the end of inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure during expiration when air is flowing out of the lungs is ___ intra-alveolar pressure before the onset of expiration when no air is flowing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure at the end of expiration, prior to the onset of inspiration, is ___ atmospheric pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure at any point during the respiratory cycle is ___ intra-alveolar pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of molecules of air in the lungs at the onset of expiration is ___ the number of molecules of air in the lungs at the end of expiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure upon relaxation of the diaphragm is ___ intra-alveolar pressure upon relaxation of the diaphragm plus contraction of the abdominal muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The size of the thoracic cavity during contraction of the internal intercostal muscles is ___ the size of the thoracic cavity during contraction of the external intercostal muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During quiet breathing, energy expenditure during inspiration is ___ energy expenditure during expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air flow during passive expiration is ___ air flow during active expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inrapleural pressure in the presence of pnemonthorax is ___ atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The total lung capacity of a person with restrictive lung disease is ___ the total lung capacity of a person with obstructive lung disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the residual volume of a person with restrictive lung disease is ___ the residual volume of a person with obstructive lung disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The FEV1/VC% of a person with restrictive lung disease is ___ the FEV1/VC% of a person with obstructive lung disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of breathing? |
|
Definition
| To get O2 in the blood and to remove CO2 from the blood |
|
|
Term
| Effects of altitude on partial pressures |
|
Definition
| Increases altitude -> decreases air or decreases pressure -> decreases p.p. of gas |
|
|
Term
| What is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 from the pulmonary artery to the alveoli? |
|
Definition
PO2=40mmHg -> PO2=105mmHg
PCO2=46mmHg -> 40mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Disorders caused by high partial pressures of gases |
|
Definition
1)Oxygen tonicity
2)Nitrogen narcosis
3)Depression sickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Dissolved in plasma water: Freely dissolved- 1.5%
2) Bound to hemoglobin in RBCs: 98.5% |
|
|
Term
| Carbon dioxide transport in the blood |
|
Definition
1)Dissolved in plasma and RBC's: 10%
2)Bound to hemoglobin: 30%
3)As bicarbonate (HCO3) buffer: 60% |
|
|
Term
| Bicarbonate Buffer system equation |
|
Definition
| CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H + HCO3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in PO2 (toxicity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Decrease in PCO2 -> hyperventilation
2)Decrease in PCO2 -> decrease in H+ (alkalosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Increase PCO2 -> hypoventilation
2)Increase PCO2 -> increase H+ (acidosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase breathing meeting metabolic needs for exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Control of respiration: At rest |
|
Definition
1)Spontaneous discharge of pacemaker cells in brain stem
2)Neurons stop firing |
|
|
Term
| Control of respiration: During exercise |
|
Definition
| second set of neurons begin to fire and override the first set |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Send input to the respiratory center about blood O2 and CO2 levels, permitting appropriate control of respiratory rate and tidal volume |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
1)Location: carotid artery and aorta
2)Respond to: low PO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Location: medulla
2)Respond to: hydrogen ions |
|
|
