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| EITHER the observer of the measurements does not know OR the subject of the experimental treatment does not know in which group (experimental or control) the subjects have been placed |
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- NEITHER the researcher NOR the subjects know who is receiving the experimental or placebo treatment.
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| Inappropriate selection of study subjects; often leads to incorrect relationships between risk factor(s) and disease |
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| Misclassification (Information): |
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Definition
- Inappropriate collection of information during the study; often leads to incorrect relationships between risk factor(s) and disease.
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- some known or unknown factor is associated with both the risk factor and the outcome; often leads to incorrect relationships between risk factor(s) and outcome (disease).
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Term
| Case Control (Retrospective |
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Definition
| ): study design in which persons with a disease of interest (cases) are compared with those without the disease (controls); researchers look back to identify possible causes |
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| a professional article that describes the diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic services rendered to a patient with an unusual or complex condition. |
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| journal article that describes a series of cases of an unusual or complex condition |
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| An experiment designed to test the effect of an agent or procedure on two or more groups |
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| : group of individuals with similar characteristics |
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| study where the same subjects are followed over a period of time to observe the occurrence of a particular event |
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| : Group that does not receive the independent variable (may receive a placebo or no treatment at all). An equivalent group used for comparison |
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| Cross-Sectional Study (Prevalenc |
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Definition
| descriptive study where variable(s) is/are measured at one point or limited period or time. |
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| Study conducted on a population (i.e. entire city) where independent variable is either added or removed and the outcome is measured. |
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| An investigation of similar groups of individuals over an extended period of time in order to identify a change or development in that group. |
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| : Study that falls short of the controls for experimental designs; possible lack of randomization or control of extraneous variables |
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| Framework or blueprint for conducting a study. |
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| : A subset of measurements selected from a population of interest. A part or subset of the population used to gain information about the whole |
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Term
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| · subjects chosen from whatever portion of the population is easiest to reach. (access to total is not possible; risk of bias) |
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| · (also called Purposive) someone with knowledge of population arbitrarily selects the sample to represent the population; (risk of bias) |
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| subjects chosen in such a way that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to be in the sample. (increases external validity; reduces the chance of bias) |
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Term
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Definition
| · subjects chosen from subgroups proportionately in the sample with similar characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| · every nth member of population is selected; “n” can represent any number; essentially equivalent to simple random sampling. |
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