Term
| Who had the 1st semi-sedentary culture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the last of the 4 most significant events in human history? |
|
Definition
Domestication of wild plants and animals
Agrarian Revolution
Sedentary life in settlements, urban centers
trade |
|
|
Term
| Broad Spectrum Collecting |
|
Definition
focused less on large
game and more on a wider range of plant and animal life |
|
|
Term
| Vertical Economy or Seasonal Resource Use |
|
Definition
| Seasonal exploitation of varied environmental zones that are close to each other, e.g. hills and plains, by broad spectrum foragers. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Genetic modification of plant & animal species through artificial selection |
|
|
Term
| Dogs are a direct descendant of what animal? WHy? |
|
Definition
| Gray Wolf, trait of friendliness towards humans was artificially selected by humans |
|
|
Term
| What is the only species(other than humans) that understand a pointed finger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| day Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran; Watered by the Nile, Jordan, Euphrates and Tigris rivers, the region is naturally fertile |
|
|
Term
| What developed independently in several world areas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are domesticated plants different from wild ones? |
|
Definition
| Larger plants, seeds, yield, and no natural seed dispersal mechanism. |
|
|
Term
| Paleoethnobotany or archaeobotany |
|
Definition
| the archaeological sub-field that studies plant remains from archaeological sites. |
|
|
Term
| how do Paleoethnobotanists identify and recover plant remains? |
|
Definition
| to sieve excavated material manually in a water bath in order to allow the organic material to float to the surface.(flotation) |
|
|
Term
| who had white mica in his stomach that came from a grinding stone on which wheat was ground found in Etsch valley |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was the 4,000 BP yr old bowl of millet La-Mian style noodles found? |
|
Definition
| Laiji north-Western China |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| - A pre-agricultural & pre-ceramic Neolithic Site |
|
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Term
|
Definition
cont. inhabited sonce 9,000 BC
20 successive settlements over 7000 yrs
oasis in a desert
ppl raised wheat and goats
surrounded by a massive stone wall and circular tower |
|
|
Term
| Tell or Tall (hill/mound) |
|
Definition
| is a type of archaeological site in the form of an earthen mound. It results from the accumulation and subsequent erosion of material deposited by human occupation over long periods of time. |
|
|
Term
| What was a common trade item for Obsidian(dark volcanic glass) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was used as eyes in burial rituals in jericho |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was used as tools, in rituals, as poison, and was found with mummies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Mesoamerica, Obsidian used in: |
|
Definition
blades used for bloodletting and human sacrifice
decorate early Christian atrial crosses |
|
|
Term
| In Egypt, Obsidian used for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 consequences of the Neolithic Revolution? |
|
Definition
1.Increase in population (30 million to 300 million
2. Increase in material complexity
3. Increasing social stratification(wealth)
4. Increase in political complexity(state, war, trade)
5. Decreae in health and nutrition(lack of variety in diets and disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 6 factors of growing complexity |
|
Definition
1. Development of Agricultural States
2. Development of Crafts
3. Monumental Architecture
4. Writing systems, record keeping systems
5. Where did early humans live
6. Causes of the Collapse of State Societies |
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest known town and who was it settled by? |
|
Definition
| Jericho; settled by Natufian foragers |
|
|
Term
| Which civilization was known for urban planning and architecture, with its extravagant use of water as seen in the wells and tanks as also its attention to drainage and decent housing |
|
Definition
| The Indus Valley Civilization |
|
|
Term
| Which two cultures had the bull motif |
|
Definition
| Catal Huyuk and Indus Valley Civilization |
|
|
Term
| Which civilization had a Great bath, granary, and undeciphered writing system? |
|
Definition
| Indus Valley Civilization |
|
|
Term
| Which came first; development of metallurgy or ceramic pottery? |
|
Definition
| Ceramic pottery(8,000 BP) was before Metallurgy (5,000 BP) |
|
|
Term
Which area was in the Tigris/Euphrates River Valleys?
and what was a defining characteristic of it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a temple tower with a terraced pyramid built of mud-brick or adobe. It housed gods, not the dead. |
|
|
Term
| What area was in the Nile River Valley? What was a defining characteristic of it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were built as burial chambers for Egyptian Pharaohs. Constructed with blocks of limestone, basalt, or granite. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages by which writing evolved from primitive ideography to a full alphabet. |
|
Definition
WORD, SYLLABIC, AND ALPHABETIC
1.the use of signs to stand for word sounds, leading to a word-syllabic writing.
2.the creation of a Semitic syllabary of some 22 to 30 signs.
3. the creation of the Greek alphabet. This was accomplished by the systematic use of vowel signs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are images created by removing part of a rock surfaces by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signs that convey their meaning through pictorial resemblance to a physical object |
|
|
Term
| Ideographic or concept writing |
|
Definition
| signs that they do not picture things, but "indicate” use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single symbol which represents a word or a morpheme |
|
|
Term
What language is in Northern Mesopotamia?
Southern? |
|
Definition
Sumerian (Southern)
Akkadian (Northern) |
|
|
Term
| Both Sumerian & Akkadian languages used what kind of writing |
|
Definition
used cuneiform writing
The term cuneiform means "wedge-shaped.”
Evolved to a stylus pressed in soft clay to record numbers |
|
|
Term
| Sumerian writing evolved from what kind of picture writing to what kind of concept wiritng? |
|
Definition
| pictographic to ideographic |
|
|
Term
| What form of writing simplifies a picture into a symbol and could represent the sound of the object or could represent an idea associated with the object. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage and particular example are considered "the most important advance in the history of writing” |
|
Definition
| Stage 2-syllabic writing; Proto-Sinaitic (Phoenician) |
|
|
Term
| Did the phoenician alphabet represent vowels and consonants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| standardized set of letters |
|
|
Term
| Alphabetic writing diffused from the Phoenicians to Greece where what were added |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did early humans live? |
|
Definition
Longhouses in Danube, Netherlands, Native Americans in NA, Malaysia, Indonesia, Iraq
Also, yurts/gers in Mongolia and Central Asia |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 possible causes of the collapse of state societies? |
|
Definition
Catastrophic events- earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruption
Habitat destruction
Over-farming, deforestation (e.g. Easter Island - discussed again under culture)
Demographic pressure:Increase in population
Climate change
Warfare – social, political & military upheaval |
|
|
Term
| 887 Megalithic statues, called what were created by the Rapanui people on Easter Islands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasites we share with early hominids’ anthropoid ancestors, Give three examples pinworms, head, body, & pubic lice. |
|
Definition
| Heirloom species: pinworms, head, body, & pubic lice. |
|
|
Term
| Did Lucy have Body hair? Why/Why not |
|
Definition
| The closest relative of the pubic louse is the gorilla louse. Diverged 3.3 million years ago |
|
|
Term
| infectious disease that can be transmitted from wild and domestic animals to humans, give 3 examples |
|
Definition
| Zoonotic Disease: Avian tuberculosis, rabies, anthrax. |
|
|
Term
| Who was more likely to have disease? unter gatherers or mobile pops? why? |
|
Definition
| Hunter gatherers cause they were in contact with fecal parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism, often an invertebrate arthropod, that transmits a pathogen from reservoir to host |
|
|
Term
| An increase in what enhanced respiratory transmission of viral diseases, e.g. influenza, measles, mumps, chicken pox, & smallpox. |
|
Definition
| Increase in population size & density |
|
|
Term
| what created a cluster of disease vectors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what increased parasitic infections because of contamination of water by human waste e.g. cholera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what exposes workers to insect bites, & diseases, e.g. scrub typhus, malaria, yellow fever, filariasis, schistosomiasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what increased dietary deficiencies & nutritional stress - size, stature, & robustness & average age of adults declined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epidemics were made possible by what |
|
Definition
| cross-continental trade and travel |
|
|
Term
| Paleodemography and paleoepidemiology use what from archaeological sites to study the population and health characteristics of past human communities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depressions across the fingernail. These lines can occur after illness, injury to the nail, and when you are malnourished. |
|
|
Term
| Was the mortality associated with the Black Death selective with respect to preexisting health conditions (‘‘frailty’’)? Or did it kill in indiscriminately, irrespective of age, sex, or frailty? |
|
Definition
| : The results suggest that the Black Death did not kill indiscriminately but it did discriminate less sharply than death normally does. It was, in fact, selective with respect to frailty |
|
|
Term
| Evidence of disease in prehistoric skeletons are mostly found in what 4 forms |
|
Definition
1. teeth (food stress and wear)
2. leg bones(bent from vit D deficiency)
3. skeletons(trauma, malnutrition)
4. disease(ribs) |
|
|
Term
| what are some limits of DNA analysis |
|
Definition
| Contamination, Degradation and fragmentation |
|
|
Term
| When did the second epidemiological transition happen? public health measures, improved nutrition and medicine resulted in what |
|
Definition
| about a century ago, declines in infectious disease and a rise in non-infectious, chronic and degenerative diseases |
|
|
Term
| We are currently in the Third Epidemiological Transition which entails what? |
|
Definition
-reemergence of infectious diseases previously thought to be under control
-the emergence of novel diseases
-many of the emerging and reemerging pathogens are antibiotic resistant |
|
|
Term
| what is todays biggest killer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of disease, health problems, & health care systems; Theories about illness in different cultures & ethnic groups |
|
|
Term
| 3 main cultural explanations are used for illness |
|
Definition
1. Personalistic(agents such as witches)
2. Naturalistic: impersonal terms; attributed to bacteria, virus, accidents, or genes
3. Emotionalistic(emotional experiences cause illness) |
|
|
Term
| A culture-specific syndrome/disorder is characterized by: |
|
Definition
| familiarity in the culture and non familiarity in other cultures, no evidence of symptoms, treated by folk medicine of cultures |
|
|
Term
| Kuru(trembling/laughing sickness) |
|
Definition
A prion disease effecting the brain and nervous system, like Mad Cows Disease
Symptoms:
palsy
contracted face muscles
loss of motor control - cannot walk or eat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ritualistic eating of brains of dead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disorder: "to go mad with rage"
A male who has shown no previous anger or violence will attempt, in a sudden frenzy, to kill or seriously injure anyone he encounters.
(A dissociative episode characterized by a period of brooding followed by an outburst of violent, aggressive, destructive, or homicidal behavior.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arctic hysteria (Inuits) is most prevalent in winter
Symptoms: intense "hysteria”, speaking in tongues, depression, coprophagia (consumption of feces), insensitivity to extreme cold & more.
An abrupt dissociative episode.
Usually affects women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heavy snow, isolation, food shortages
Symptoms: poor appetite, nausea, & vomiting, individuals see themselves as cannibals & those around them as edible which leads to extreme anxiety and suicidal ideation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Japanese disorder(acute social withdrawal) refers to reclusive individuals who have chosen to withdraw from social life, often seeking extreme degrees of isolation and confinement.
Usually affects adolescent boys |
|
|
Term
| what 2 disorders are the "cult of thinness" in Western culture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA 1990) |
|
Definition
| what act requires federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding to return Native American "cultural items" to their respective peoples. |
|
|
Term
| Does all humankind belong to a single species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Race is about ________, not ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what % of the physical (phenotypic) variation lies within so-called racial groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where people with different cultures and languages interact but do not assimilate and do not have to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unmistakable correlation showed that the weaker the UVR in an area, the fairer or darker the skin? |
|
|
Term
| What are advantages and disadvantages of having darker skin color? |
|
Definition
A:protection from UV rays(more melanin)
D:more prone to frostbite and rickets(Vit D deficiency) in North |
|
|
Term
| What are advantages and disadvantages of having lighter skin color? |
|
Definition
A:need for more vit D(lesser melanin)
D:more prone to sunburn & skin cancer in south |
|
|
Term
| The Inuit’s vitamin D intake isn’t dependent upon the sun but on what |
|
Definition
| They get all that they need from their diet, heavy on types of fatty fish that are naturally rich in vitamin D. The plentiful amounts of the vitamin kept them from developing less melanin. |
|
|
Term
| 3 Populations = 3 Adaptive responses to Thin Air (high altitude hypoxia) |
|
Definition
1.Andeans carry more oxygen in each red blood cell.
2.Tibetans increase oxygen intake by an increased rate of respiration (more breaths)taking more breaths per minute than people at sea level. In addition, their lungs synthesize larger amounts of a gas called nitric oxide which increases the diameter of their blood vessels and increases blood flow.
3.Ethiopians have neither and yet it is as if they were not living at high altitude at all-we dont know why |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The issue of RACE is a________that has served historically to support group dominance, & includes false notions of separate creation & superiority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____denotes the use of scientific or ostensibly scientific findings and methods to investigate differences between races, often to validate racist attitudes and worldviews, to support political or ideological positions of racial supremacy |
|
|
Term
| Melting Pot theory(homogenous society) |
|
Definition
| What theory says that Assimilation is a political response to multi-ethnicity that encourages absorption of minorities into the dominant culture. |
|
|
Term
| Salad Bowl Theory(Multi-ethnic Society) |
|
Definition
| What theory says that Multiculturalism is an affirmative philosophy which recognizes & seeks to maintain cultural differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "weightless knapsack of special provisions, assurances, tools, maps, guides, codebooks, passports, visas, clothes, emergency gear, and blank checks" |
|
|
Term
| Is there evidence that BiDil works better on African Americans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are 6 stages in the process: White Racial Identity Development Model |
|
Definition
1. Contact: People in this stage are oblivious to racism, have minimal experiences with “Other” people, and may profess to be color-blind.
2. Disintegration: In this stage, the person becomes conflicted over unresolvable racial moral dilemmas, e.g. believing one is nonracist, yet not wanting one’s child to marry a minority group member. The person is increasingly conscious of their Whiteness.
3. Reintegration: The initial resolution of dissonance often moves in the direction of the dominant ideology. There is a firmer and more conscious belief in White racial superiority and racial/ethnic minorities are blamed for their own problems.
4. Pseudo-Independence: A person is likely to move into this phase due to a painful or insightful encounter/event. There is an attempt to understand racial differences and reach out to minority group members but more an intellectual exercise.
5. Immersion/Emersion: If the person is reinforced to continue a personal exploration of themselves as a racial being, questions become focused on what it means to be White and to benefit from White privilege (see next slide).
6. Autonomy: The person is knowledgeable about racial, ethnic and cultural differences, values the diversity, and is no longer fearful, intimidated, or uncomfortable with the experiential reality of race. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learned traditions & customs that govern human behavior & beliefs |
|
|
Term
| Yes - culture is NOT genetically transmitted, nor are we hard-wired for culture. |
|
Definition
| Is Culture Extra-genetic? |
|
|
Term
Through enculturation;
Enculturation is a two-way process: Children are not passive recipients of culture. |
|
Definition
| How is Culture Learned? Through enculturation |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of learning by which culture is learned? |
|
Definition
1. situational learning(classical conditioning)
2. Social learning (observation)
3. Symbolic learning (uniquely human and culture specific) |
|
|
Term
| YES, we share values, beliefs & norms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Values: what is considered the good, bad & ugly
Beliefs: what is considered true & false
Norms: what is ok & what is a no-no |
|
Definition
| what are values, beliefs and norms |
|
|
Term
Folkways: norms that guide everyday life through gentle social pressure and imitation – usually are not noticeable till violated and not punished severely, just laughed at, frowned upon, or scolded
Mores: stronger norms or enforced sanctions based on taboos, e.g. incest |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 types of norms |
|
|
Term
YESCultures are not monolithic or bounded or static.
Cultures are fragmented, multi-sited, invented and historicized (not timeless) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Generation gap – e.g. taste in music
Deviance – e.g. nudity in US
Counterculture – e.g. Rastafaris |
|
Definition
| Subcultures are based on: |
|
|
Term
There is one dominant group within which individual subcultures exist
Many overlapping groups exist. Some groups larger than others, but no dominant one exists |
|
Definition
| Two theories about subculture: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All humans, like animals, are genetically programmed to respond in certain ways and cultural practices are just a manifestation of inner biological drives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : Using one’s cultural background as basis to judge other cultures – usually negatively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mech of cultural trade that borrows traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mech of cultural trade that exchanges traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the loss or abandonment of culture or
cultural characteristics of a people, society, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interlinked, mutually dependent world |
|
|
Term
| How do we study culture? as a science or a social science |
|
Definition
SCIENCE:
Cultural selection directly influences a communities successful adaptation to its material environment, e.g. pig taboo, cow taboo.
So, anthropology must establish regular, predictable and verifiable laws just as natural sciences do.
SOCIAL SCIENCE:
Anthropology is not a positivist science.
Anthropology is a science of interpretations.
It is futile to seek scientific laws to explain human behavior. |
|
|
Term
Bow-wow theory - imitating sounds of nature or onomatopoeic words
Ding-dong theory - natural sounds of objects |
|
Definition
| what are the two discredited theories of the evolution of language |
|
|
Term
-Increasing brain size
- lower position of larynx (voice box) & lengthening of the upper vocal tract
-Symbolic learning |
|
Definition
| what are the three Evolutionary changes allowing for language development |
|
|
Term
Productivity: flexible, creative, limitless capacity to express ourselves
Displacement: ability to refer to those that are not present
Arbitrariness: no necessary connection between words & objects |
|
Definition
| name three things unique about human language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the equivalent of language to nonhuman primates |
|
|
Term
| name the 5 building blocks of language |
|
Definition
Phonology: Sounds
Morphology: Words
Syntax: Sentences
Semantics: Meaning
Pragmatics: Context |
|
|
Term
| what are phonetics, phonemics, and phonemes? |
|
Definition
Phonetics - variations in sound
Phonemics - variations in sound that distinguish meaning
Phonemes - smallest contrastive unit of sound that can change meaning, e.g.
/b/at /p/at |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- smallest unit of meaning
Free or Bound, e.g. ARTISTS
ART IST S |
|
|
Term
| rules for making sentences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the meaning of symbols, words, phrases and sentences of a language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| word or expression that conveys esteem or respect when used in addressing or referring to a person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high and low variants of the same language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| context -> meaning, culturally; like an implication of what someone says |
|
|
Term
| pastoralists(Nuer of Sudan) |
|
Definition
| who has a vast vocabulary to describe and identify their cattle by color, markings, horn configuration, also their ppl take on ox-names |
|
|
Term
| sport based colloquialisms like "she threw me a curve ball" |
|
Definition
| what's an american example of language reflecting culture |
|
|
Term
| does language determine culture?...gas drum example...safe or not safe? |
|
Definition
| Language shapes thoughts and perceptions and is a coercive force - it predisposes, imprisons, e.g. if a culture has only one word for aunt, all aunts are genealogically equal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body motion, facial expressions & gestures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perception & use of space in different cultures |
|
|
Term
| what are two forms of nonverbal communication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name 2 characteristics of Kogals |
|
Definition
anti-cute aesthetic
challenges female norms
challenges dominant models of gendered language |
|
|
