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| member of the mammalian order Primates, including prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans, defined by a suite of anatomical and behavioral traits |
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| a change in the frequency of a gene or a trait in a population over multiple generations |
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| the study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework; sometimes called physical anthropology |
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| a member of the primate family Hominidae, distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, a large brain |
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| a trait that increases the reproductive success of an organism, produced by natural selection in the context of a particular environment |
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| the study of the fossil record of ancestral humans and their primate kin |
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| the study of the skeleton |
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| the study of diseases in ancestral human populations |
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| the study of human remains applied to a legal context |
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| the study of the nonhuman primates and their anatomy, genetics, behavior, and ecology |
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| subfield of biological anthropology dealing with human growth and development, adaptation to environmental extremes, and human genetics |
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| the study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework |
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| the study of humankind in a cross-cultural context. Anthropology includes the subfields cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology, and biological anthropology |
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| the sum total of learned traditions, values, and beliefs that groups of people, and a few species of highly intelligent animals, possess |
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| the study of the interaction between biology and culture, which plays a role in most human traits |
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| the study of human societies, especially in a cross-cultural ontext; the subdivision of anthropology that includes ethnology, archaeology, and linguistics |
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| the study of human societies, their traditions, rituals, beliefs, and the differences in these traits between societies |
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| the practice of cultural anthropology. Ethnographers study the minute-to-minute workings of human societies, especially non-Western societies |
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| the study of the material culture of past peoples |
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| the objects, from tools to art, left by earlier generations of people |
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| the study of language, its origins, and use; also called anthropological linguistics |
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| the gathering of scientific information by watching a phenomenon |
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| a conclusion that follows logically from a set of observations |
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| a preliminary explanation of a phenomenon. Hypothesis formation is the first step of the scientific method |
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| the testing of a hypothesis |
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| the scientific evidence produced by an experiment or by observation, from which scientific conclusions are made |
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| scientific methodstandard |
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| standard scientific research procedure in which a hypothesis is stated, data are collected to test it, and the hypothesis is either supported or refuted |
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| able to be shown to be false |
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| a conceptual framework useful for understanding a body of evidence |
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| immutablility (or fixity) |
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| ancient belief that people are derived from multiple creations |
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| ancient belief that all people are derived from a single creation |
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| the science of biological classification |
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| linnaean naming system for all organisms consisting of a genus and species label |
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| a group of organisms assigned to a particular category |
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| theory that there have been multiple creations interspersed by great natural disasters such as noah's flood |
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| theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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| discredited theory of evolutionary change proposing that changes that occur during the lifetime of an individual, through use ofr disuse, can be passed on the the next generation |
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| soviet-era research program that tried to apply lamarckian thinking to agricultural production |
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| theory that the same gradual geological process we observe today was operating in the past |
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| the diversification of one founding species into multiple species and niches |
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| differential reproductive success over multiple generations |
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| an interbreeding group of organisms |
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| an alteration in the DNA, which may or may not alter the function of a cell. If it occurs in a gamete, it may be passed from one generation to the next |
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| a creationist attempt to refute the evidence of evolution |
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| a creationist school of thought that proposes that natural selection cannot account for the diversity and complexity of form and function seen in nature |
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| single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, in which the genetic material is not separated from the rest of the cell by a nucleus |
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| a cell that possesses a well-organized nucleus |
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| in eukaryotic cells, the part of the cell in which the genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell by a plasma membrane |
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| in a eukaryotic cell, the region within the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus; it contains organelles, which carry out the essential functions of the cell, such as energy production, metabolism, and protein synthesis |
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| the cells of the body that are not sex cells |
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| undifferentiated cells found in the developing embryo that can be induced to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types or tissues. Also found in adults, although adult stem cells are not as totipotent as embryonic stem cells |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| a double-stranded molecule that is the carrier of genetic information. Each strand is composed of a linear sequence of nucleotides; the two strands are held toghether by hydrogen bonds that form between complementary bases |
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| complex molecules formed from chains of amino acids or from a complex of polypeptides. They function as structural molecules, transport molecules, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones |
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| the assembly of proteins from amino acids, which occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm and is based on information carried by mRNA |
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| single-stranded nucleic acid that performs critical functions during protein synthesis and comes in three forms: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA |
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| organelles in the cytoplasm of the cell where energy production for the cell takes place. Contains its own DNA |
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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| an organelle in the cytoplasm consisting of a folded membrane |
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| structures composed primarily of RNA, which are found on the endoplasmic reticulum. THey are the site of protein synthesis |
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| molecular building block of nucleic acids DNA and RNA;consists of a phosphate, sugar, and base |
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| variable component of the nucleotides that form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. In DNA, the bases are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine |
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| a complex protein that is a catalyst for chemical processes in the body |
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| protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen |
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| a natural substance produced by specialized cells in one location of the body that influences the activity or physiology of cells in a different location |
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| a molecule made up of a chain of amino acids |
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| the system whereby the nucleotide triplets in DNA and RNA contain the information for synthesizing proteins from the twenty amino acids |
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| a triplet of nucleotide bases in mRNA that specifies an amino acid or the initiation or termination of a polypeptide sequence |
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| the fundemental unit of heredity. Consists of a sequence of DNA bases that carries the information for synthesizing a protein and occupies a specific chromosomal locus |
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| strand of RNA synthesized in the nucleus as a complement to a specific gene. It carries the information for the sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein into the cytoplasm, where it is read at a ribosome and a protein molecule is synthesized. |
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| RNA molecules that bind to specific amino acids and transport them to ribosomes to be used during protein synthesis |
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