Term
| What separated the Indians of North America? |
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Definition
| Language, social organizations, local food ways, and physical attributes. |
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Term
| Who did Spain's discovery of the New World bring into contact? |
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Definition
| Europe, Africa and the Americas |
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Term
| How did environmental conditions play a major role in the migration of people into North America? |
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Definition
| The cool climate caused ice to form on land, sea levels dropped, and a land bridge was revealed. |
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Term
| What was believed to be the reason for the Paleo-Indians lack of immunity against European and African diseases? |
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Definition
| The Paleo-Indians did not domesticate animals, this was believed to be the reason that they were not exposed to the microbes that led to the virulent E & A diseases. |
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Term
| How did the Agriculture Revolution affect the Native American tribes? |
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Definition
1. Created a more reliable way to store food, which liberated nomadic groups from following large herds of animals.
2. Led to the production of technology
3. Permanent villages and defined hierarchies were established.
i.e. Due to the Agriculture Revolution, the Indians of Mexico and Central America were able to establish complex societies. Aztecs, Mayans, and Toltec. |
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Term
| How did climate play a role in the diversity of Indian tribes? |
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Definition
The vast distance and varied climate led to a variety of strategies in dealing with unique regional environment.
Inuits --> kayaks
Anasazi --> massive pueblo villages and large network of irrigation canals
Great Plains tribes --> burned grassland to promote vegetation growth to attract game |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Eastern Woodland Creatures? |
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Definition
Eastern Woodland communities supplemented farming with seasonal hunting and gathering. They organized diplomacy, trade, and war around reciprocal relationships; egalitarian.
--> Algonquian groups lived in different regions and spoke in different dialects, did not develop strong ties of mutual identity, but held similar cultural values : Women owned fields, maintained tribal customs, and held a place in tribal government. |
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Term
| How did the Spanish and Native Americans interact? |
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Definition
The Native Americans eagerly traded with the Europeans, but resisted other aspects of European cultures. The Indians demanded gifts, set up the time and place for trade.
The Europeans assumed that the Indians held them in high regard and were unaware of their savagery. They tried to civilize them by getting the Indians to dress like the colonists, attend their schools, and accept Christianity. |
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Term
| How did disease affect the Native Americans? |
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Definition
| Disease tore away at traditional culture because it killed off many chiefs and elders, who were the preservers of traditional beliefs and customs. |
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Term
| How did the West Africans deal with the Portuguese? |
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Definition
| The Portuguese went to Africa in search of gold and slaves. African officials became willing partners, but insisted that the Portuguese follow African trade regulations by paying tolls and such. They exchanged slaves for European manufacturers. |
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Term
| What was the differences between Leif Ericson and Christopher Columbus? |
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Definition
| When Leif Ericson arrived in the New World, his voyage was unnoticed by Europeans due to poor lines of communication, climate cooling, and political upheaval that made it impossible to keep outpost in America. When Columbus discovered the New World, the Spanish were becoming a world power due to their newfound political authority and geographic knowledge. The Reconquista, a religious crusade spurred by the monarchs' fervid Catholicism, led to a volatile political and religious environment that united the Spanish. |
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Term
| What was the result of the ongoing fight between Portugal and Spain over the anticipated treasures of Asia? |
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Definition
| The Treaty of Tordesilla which divided the world down a north-south line. The Spanish received everything in the west and the Portuguese received everything in the east. |
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Term
| Who were the conquistadores? |
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Definition
| Conquistadores were men in search for personal glory, who held fervid loyalty to the crown and Catholicism. They were not interested in creating permanent settlements, they wanted instant wealth through the discovery of gold. |
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Term
| How did the Spanish crown deal with the ambitious conquistadores? |
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Definition
| The crown established the encomienda system, an exploitative system by Spanish rulers that granted conquistadors control of Native American villages and their inhabitants’ labor. This made the colonists more dependent on the King, because he had to legitimize their title. |
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Term
| Who was Bartolome de las Casas and what did he do? |
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Definition
| Bartolome de las Casas published a defense of Indians rights that provoked a heated debate in Spain and initiated reforms to improve Spanish-Indians relations. |
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Term
| Why were the Spanish considered more tolerant of racial differences than the English? |
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Definition
| Many of the men married Indian women. |
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Term
| How did the French view the Indians? |
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Definition
| Samuel de Champlain established Quebec in search of wealth and to spread the Christian faith. The French view the Indians as necessary economic partners. Missionaries lived among the Indians, learned their language and customs. |
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Term
| How did the Protestant Reformation change the face of England? |
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Definition
| Henry VII severed all ties with the pope, seized church lands, dissolved many monasteries, and established the Church of England with the King as the head. |
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Term
| How did Queen Elizabeth I end internal religious struggle? |
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Definition
| Queen Elizabeth I ended internal religious struggle by establishing an English Church that was Protestant in doctrine but Catholic in ceremony. Under Elizabeth, English nationalism merged with Anti-Catholicism to challenge Spanish control of the Americas and deep love for their queen. |
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