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Definition
| a qualitative research technique which involves “conducting intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation |
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| Boyce, C. & Neale, P.(2006) |
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Definition
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| Structured Interview, Unstructured Interview & Semi-structured Interview |
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Definition
| Three Formats of Interview |
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| consist of a series of pre-determined questions that all interviewees answer in the same order. Data analysis usually tends to be more straightforward because researcher can compare different answers given to the same questions. |
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| Are usually the least reliable from research viewpoint, because no questions are prepared prior to the interview and data collection is conducted in an informal manner. |
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| Semi-structured Interview |
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Definition
| Contain the components of both, structured and unstructured interviews. In semi-structured interviews, interviewer prepares a set of same questions to be answered by all interviewees. At the same time, additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify and/or further expand certain issues. |
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| can be associated with a high level of bias and comparison of answers given by different respondents tends to be difficult due to the differences in formulation of questions. |
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| is a technique of gathering data whereby you personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of yours. It is a systematic data collection approach where researchers use all their senses to examine people in natural settings or naturally occurring situations. |
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| Casual involves observing the right thing at the right place and at the right time by a matter of chance or by luck. (“sa tamang panahon”). |
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| involves the use of the tools of the measurement but remember that all the observations are not scientific in nature. Planned and has a process. |
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| involves observing the behavior in a normal setting, no efforts are made to bring any type of change in the behavior of the observed. |
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| are used in experimental research. The researcher selects the time, place (usually a laboratory), participants, and circumstances where data collection will take place. |
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| refers to the activity or any type of operation that is being observed. |
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| involves the observation of the one’s own immediate experience. |
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| are observations involving observer as an entity apart from the thing being observed. Involved the use of all senses of the observer. |
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| involves studies of mechanical recording or the recording by some of the other means like photographic or electronic. |
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| is relatively straighter forward as compared to the indirect observation. |
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Definition
| a researcher may interact with participants and become part of their community. |
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| Nonparticipant observation |
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Definition
| requires no participation of the observer in the activities of the group taking place and occurs no relationship between the researcher and the group. |
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| works according to a plan and involves specific information of the units that are to be observed and about the information that is to be recorded. |
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| Unstructured observation. |
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Definition
| The observer has the freedom to note down what s/he feels is correct and relevant to the point of study. |
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Definition
| are when the researcher pretends to be an ordinary member of the group and observes in secret. |
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| are when the researcher tells the group s/he is conducting research (i.e. they know they are being observed) |
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| It is often used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings. If possible, the use of an already designed and validated survey instrument will ensure that the data being collected is accurate. |
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Definition
It is via mail or a printed copy, email, the internet or SMS are generally the least expensive ,particularly for a widespread sample.
They allow respondents time to consider their answers, refer to records or consult with others (which can be helpful or unhelpful, depending on the survey’s objectives). |
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Definition
They also eliminate interviewer errors and reduce the incidence of selected people (or units) being unable to be contacted.
A major disadvantage of self completion surveys is the potentially high nonresponse. |
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Definition
| Example are the face-to-face or telephone surveys which generally allow more data to be gathered than self-completion surveys and can include the use of more complex questionnaires. |
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Definition
| can reduce non-response by answering respondents’ queries or concerns. They can often pick up and resolve respondent errors. Face-to-face surveys are usually more expensive than other methodologies |
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