Term
| two periods of development |
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Definition
critical period- essential for development
sensitive period- time most likely for development |
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Term
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Definition
looks at the correlation between development and ongoing ever-changing interaction between physical and emotional and environment. ALL DYNAMICS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER that affect a person-
non-linear. |
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Term
| what is the science of human development? |
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Definition
| the study of people and how the change over time |
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Term
| 5 steps of scientific method |
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Definition
theory
hypothesis
empirical evidence
conclusion
share results |
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Term
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Definition
scientists attempt to follow the same procedures and test the same theory to come up with more precise conclusions.
successfully cut down SIDS by Susan Beal |
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Term
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Definition
study of MAOA gene suggested genes and environment affect violence
violence (15 to 25) |
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Term
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Definition
human characteristics can change overtime
traits can be molded and maintained
can increase OR decrease
possible at ANY TIME IN LIFE |
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Term
| How are people categorized in the study of development to make it easier? |
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Definition
infancy
childhood
adolescence
adulthood |
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Term
| difference equal deficit error |
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Definition
making generalizations that own group is normal and other groups that are different are abnormal.
study all types of people to avoid |
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Term
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Definition
| system of shared beliefs and behaviors and provide social rules. |
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Term
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Definition
shared heritage, national origin, language
doesn't mean they share the same culture. |
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Term
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Definition
NO. its a SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION.
labeled by physical characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
Social class; reflection of family income and average education.
AFFECTS EVERY ASPECT OF DEVELOPMENT |
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Term
| ecological systems approach |
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Definition
study of human development that considers ALL influences
developed by URIE BRONFENBRENNER
3 main levels:
micro systems
exosystems
macrosytems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| larger values, economic policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| connections between all other ecological systems |
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Term
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Definition
| changes over the time in the world taken through historical context. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of people born within the same generation who have similar life experiences |
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Term
| Examples of historical change? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 main domains of development? |
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Definition
BIOLOGICAL
COGNITIVE
PSYCHOSOCIAL |
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Term
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Definition
| seeing someone else doing something the mirroring their action as a response of observation |
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Term
| 3 basic research designs? |
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Definition
observation
experiment
survey |
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Term
| crucial factors of observation? |
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Definition
careful training
controlled timing
objectiveness |
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Term
| What is the experiment used to establish? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the independent variable? |
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Definition
| THE EXPERIMENT OR TEST TO SEE IF SOMETHING CAUSES A REACTION |
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Term
| What is the dependent variable? |
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Definition
THE RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENT.
what EFFECT did the independent variable play on the dependent variable? |
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Term
| 3 different types of research of development? |
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Definition
longitudinal
cross sectional
cohort-seqeuntial |
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Term
| what type of research is the most convenient way and inexpensive? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| group of people of one age compared with similar group od another age. (young to old) |
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Term
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Definition
study of the SAME individuals over a long period of time.
does age or historical trends affect development?
more effective than cross-sectional but not as convenient. |
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Term
| which method combines both longitudinal and cross sectional? |
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Definition
| cohort sequential research |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
DESCRIPTIVE.
shows individual differences.
hard to replicate. |
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Term
| what does the IRB do? (institutional review board) |
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Definition
said to make psychology ethical.
research has to follow certain guidelines of ethics. |
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Term
| who was the pioneer of cognitive development |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three grand theories of development? |
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Definition
PSYCHOANALYTIC/PSYCHOSOCIAL
BEHAVIORAL/LEARNING
COGNITIVE |
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Term
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Definition
| through watching others we learn what to do. big emphasis on environment. |
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Term
| what idea involves rewards and punishments? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| development results from the interaction of each person with their surrounding social and cultural forces |
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Term
| What do theories provide for us? |
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Definition
hypotheses
discoveries
guidance |
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Term
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Definition
| average behavior of a culture or people. |
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Term
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Definition
FREUD, ERIKSON
aka psychosexual.
emphasis on unconscious motives and childhood experiences. |
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Term
| Freud's stages of psychosexual development |
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Definition
development crucial in first 6 years of life.
5 stages:
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genetial
EACH STAGE GOES THROUGH A CONFLICT. if that conflict isn't resolved, it explains personality traits in adulthood. |
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Term
| in freud's stages of development, where does the ID dominate? the SUPEREGO? |
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Definition
ID- infancy
SUPEREGO- phallic stage |
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Term
| Erikson's stages of development |
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Definition
PSYCHOLOGICAL CRISISES thats resolution is dependent on the environment.
8 stages.
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
integrity vs. despair.
generative vs. stagnation |
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Term
| What do Freud and Erikson's theories of development have in common? |
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Definition
| both explain through relationships of family and culture. |
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Term
| Major pioneers of Behaviorism? |
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Definition
JOHN B WATSON- measure what you can observe with your eyes
PAVLOV-salvating dog, classical conditioning.
SKINNER- learn through consequences- rewards and punishments. operant conditioning. |
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Term
| Two types of conditioning? |
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Definition
operant-SKINNER, punishments and rewards.
classical-pavlov, neutral stimuli paired with controlled stimuli |
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Term
| what does social learning theory suggest? |
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Definition
humans are active not only reactive.
modeling theory- teacher and learner.
emphasis on SELF EFFICACY. |
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Term
| modeling observational learning theory |
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Definition
people learn by copying others.
ex teaching how to ride a bike. |
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Term
| when is learning most likely to occur in modeling? |
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Definition
| when teacher is respected and learner is inexperienced. |
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Term
| What was psychoanalytic theory rejected for? |
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Definition
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Term
| what was behaviorist theory rejected for? |
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Definition
| demeaning human potential |
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Term
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Definition
PIAGET.
thoughts and expectations affect beliefs and actions. |
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Term
| Piaget's 4 stages of development |
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Definition
sensimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
to understand human behavior we must understand human thinking.
"how children think is more important than what children think"
at every stage, humans seek COGNITIVE EQUILIBRIUM. |
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Term
| how do we achieve cognitive balance according to Piaget? |
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Definition
| interpret new experiences through preexisting ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| new experiences replace old ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| old ideas altered to fit new experiences |
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Term
| what is cognitive development dependent on? |
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Definition
challenging concepts to expand human thinking.
difficult, but produces intellectual advancement. |
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Term
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Definition
mind compared to a computer
explores how the mind works BEFORE responding.
INPUT TO OUTPUT.
compares one persons thinking to anothers. |
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Term
| what is information processing theory best used for in diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
VYGOTSKY.
human development results from dynamic interaction between people and environment. |
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Term
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Definition
each person develops from learning from someone else with more skills than them.
MENTORS AND TUTORS. |
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Term
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Definition
| method used to teach new skills. each person is dependent on someones learning |
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Term
| Zone of Proximal Development |
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Definition
| Skills and knowledge person is close to acquiring but not quite there yet. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does sociocultural perspective remind us of? |
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Definition
| CULTURE DIFFERES AMONGST different topics |
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Term
| Humanism/ evolutionary theory |
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Definition
| belief that we are one united species sharing universal impulses. focusing only on culture leads to misrepresentation |
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Term
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Definition
MASLOW
ROGERS
Rejects behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory because they reject free will |
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Term
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Definition
| all humans have basinal needs and desires. |
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Term
| Maslow's 5 hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
physiological
saftey
love and belonging
esteem
self actualization |
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Term
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Definition
Humanist
Unconditional positive regard.
love someone without expecting something in return. |
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Term
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Definition
| controlling our emotions and recognizing origins of destruction helps us survive |
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Term
| what affects survival reproduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| what allows us to survive according to evolutionists |
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Definition
| genetic variation and flexibility. |
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Term
| what is the max lifetime of humans determined by genes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what gives instructions to proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many genes do humans gave? |
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Definition
| about 18,000 to 23,00 genes |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic variation- repetition, deletion, transposition. |
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Term
| where does interactions with genes begin? |
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Definition
| formulation of ovum and sperm create a zygote. |
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Term
| what is an entire instruction booklet to make a living organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| what did junk DNA use to be known as? |
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Definition
methylation
affects expression of genes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how many chromosomes are in a gamete? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
every chromosomes other than the sex one
1-22
gene paired in the same sequence. |
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Term
| how many chromosomes can each person produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| how long does it take the zygote to duplicate and divide? |
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Definition
| AFTER HOURS OF CONCEPTION |
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Term
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Definition
| first cells to produce other cells that can form into life and differentiate |
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Term
| when does differentiation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the genome made up of? (genes/ DNA) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
study of environmental factors that affect gene expression.
all genes affect traits and characteristics |
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Term
| are all genetic dieases epigenetic? |
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Definition
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Term
| what did the Human Genome Project show? |
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Definition
hard to see where genes end and begin
all living creatures share many genes |
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Term
| what happens if someone inherits the recessive gene? |
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Definition
| they become the carrier of that gene. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what do copy number variations cause? |
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Definition
| variations in base pairs influence disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| some genes are affected differently depending on whether or not the gene came from the mother or the rathe.r |
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Term
| 4 guidelines to understand genotype and phenotype |
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Definition
genes affect EVERY aspect of development
most environmental influences ARE NOT shared
Genes ignite responses to shape environment
Genetic affects increase with age. |
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Term
| where does gene for alcoholism occur? |
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Definition
| every gene EXCEPT y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
central nervous system disorder caused by genetic miscode.
over 35 repetitions of triplet genes |
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Term
| most famous sex linked disorder ? |
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Definition
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Term
| most studied examples of benefits of recessive genes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| legally required disease to test for. |
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Term
| what is the most promising direction for disease prevention and health maitnence |
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Definition
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