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| The branch of psychology that studies the effects of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions and mental states. |
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| The intensity of a stimulus that allows an organism to just barely detect it |
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| Signal detection analysis |
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| Technique used to determine the ability of the perceiver to separate true signals from background noise |
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| Difference Threshold (or just noticeable difference; JND) |
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Definition
| The change in a stimulus that can just barely be deteced by the organism. |
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| Just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion of the original intensity of a stimulus. |
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| Stimuli that are below the absolute threshold and of which we are not conscious |
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| A condition brought on by damage to the visus cortext, in which people are unable to consciously report on visual stimuli but nevertheless are able to accurately answer questions about what they are seeing. |
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| The distance between on wave peak and the next wave peak. |
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| A clear covering that protects the eye and begins to focus the incoming light |
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| The small opening in the center of the eye that allows light to enter. |
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| The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil by constricting or dilating in response to light intensity. |
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| A structure that focuses the incoming light on the retina. |
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| The layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells. |
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| The change of an existing scheme on the basis of new information. |
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| A collection of millions of ganglion neurons that sends vast amounts of visual information, via the thalamus, to the brain. |
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| visual neurons that specialize in detecting black, white, and gray colors. |
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| Visual neirons that specialized in detecting fine detail and colors. |
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Definition
| The central point of the retina. |
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| Specialized neurons, located in the visual cortex, that respond to the strength, angles, shapes, edges, and movements of a visual stimulus. |
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| color conveyed by the wavelength of the light that enters the eye. |
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| Young-helmholtz trichromatic theory |
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Definition
| The theory of color perception that proposes what color we see depends on the mix of signals from the three types of colors |
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Definition
| The inability to detect either green and/or red colors |
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| Opponent-process color theory |
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Definition
| The theory of color perception that proposes that we analyze sensory information in three sets of "opponent colors" : red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black. |
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| A meaningful organized whole. |
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Definition
| The ability to perceive three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distance. |
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| A mechanism that gives the perception of a dangerous drop-off, in which infants can be safely tested for their perception of depth. |
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Definition
| Messages from our bodies and the external environment that supply us with information about space and distance. |
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| Depth cues that are created by retinal disparity -that is, the space etween our eyes. And thus require the coordination of both eyes. |
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| The inward turning of our eyes that is required to focus on objects that are less than about 50 feet away from us. |
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| Depth cues that help us perceive depth using only one eye. |
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| The perception of motion that occurs when different images are presented next to each other in succession |
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| The perception of motion caused by the appearance and disappearance of objects that are near each other. |
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| The wavelength of a sound wave |
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Definition
| the perceived frequency of a sound |
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Definition
| The height of a sound wave |
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| The degree of sound volume |
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Definition
| The unit of relative loudness. |
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Definition
| The external and visible part of the ear |
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| Tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
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Definition
| The membrane at the end of the ear canal that relays vibrations into the middle ear. |
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Definition
| The three tiny bones in the ear (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that relay sound from the eardrum to the cochlea |
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| A snail-shaped liquid-filled tube in the inner eart that contains the cilia |
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| the membrane covering the opening of the cochlea |
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| Frequency theory of hearing |
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Definition
| A theory of pitch perception that proposes that nerve impulses corresponding to the pitch of a sound are sent to the auditory nerve. |
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Definition
| A theory of pitch erception that proposes that different areas of the cochlea respond to different sound frequencies. |
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Definition
| Cochlea > 16,000 hair cells > bundles of fiber on each tip known as cilia. |
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| the ability to sense the position and movement of our body parts. |
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| A set of liquid-filled areas in the inner ear that monitors the head's position and movement, maintaining the body's balance. |
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| Gate control theory of pain |
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Definition
| A theory of pain proposing that pain is determined by the operation of two types of nerve fivers in the spinal cord. |
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| The working together of different sense to create experience. |
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Definition
| The ability to focus on some sensory inputs while tuning out others. |
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| A decreased sensitivity to a stimulus after prolonged and constant exposure |
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Definition
| the ability to perceive a stimulus as constant despite changes in sensations. |
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Definition
| When the perceptual processes that normally help us correctly perceive the world around us are fooled by a particular situation so that we see something that doesn't exist or that is incorrect. |
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