Term
| What are the four categories of the perceptual process? |
|
Definition
| Stimulus, Electricity, Experience and Action, Knowledge |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between an environmental stimulus and an attended stimulus? |
|
Definition
| An environmental stimulus is everything around you, while an attended stimulus is what you focus on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transduction, Transmission and Processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes environmental energy to nerve impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when signals from receptors travel to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs during interactions among neurons in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between perception and recognition? |
|
Definition
| Perception occurs as a conscious experience, while recognition occurs when an object is placed in a category, giving it meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "data-based processing" ; based on incoming stimuli from the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "knowledge-based processing" ; based on the perceiver's previous knowledge (regularities help us perceive the world) |
|
|
Term
| 5 Basic Properties of Action Potentials: |
|
Definition
1. Show propagated response (signals travel same strength same speed)
2. Remain the same size regardless of stimulus intensity
3. Increase in rate of neurotransmitters released to increase stimulus intensity
4. Have refractory period of 1ms - upper firing rate is 500-800 impulses per second
5. Show spontaneous activity that occurs without stimulation |
|
|
Term
| What is lateral inhibition? |
|
Definition
- Antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina
- Enables the signals that reach retinal ganglion cells to be based on differences in activation b/t nearby photoreceptors
- Plays an integral role in visual perception |
|
|
Term
| Why have eyes that use electromagnetic radiation? |
|
Definition
| It's abundant; Also, it travels in straight lines, so it retains the properties of the stimuli better, and it travels fast, it's good for quick info delivery |
|
|
Term
| Why have eyes that use light? |
|
Definition
| Light waves actually reach our atmosphere - the waves/particles aren't scattered before; light waves interact with surface molecules of most objects in our atmosphere well - reflects and refracts well |
|
|
Term
| Why have eyes that use light? |
|
Definition
| Light waves actually reach our atmosphere - the waves/particles aren't scattered before; light waves interact with surface molecules of most objects in our atmosphere well - reflects and refracts well |
|
|
Term
| Why have eyes that are able to move? |
|
Definition
| Eyes that are able to move compensate for ltd head movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In reference to the retina, consisting of two parts: the rods and cones, which operate under different conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light-sensitive receptors in the retina; neurons that capture light and initiate the act of seeing by producing chemical signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photoreceptors specialized for night vision; blunt tip; concentrated around - but not in - the retina; functions best in dimly lit conditions; many receptors for each ganglion cell; poor acuity; excellent sensitivity; slow dark adaptation with low threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photoreceptors specialized for daylight vision, fine visual acuity, and color; tapered tip; concentrated in the fovea; function best in well lit conditions; few receptors for each ganglion cell; excellent acuity; poor sensitivity; rapid dark adaptation with high threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of a photoreceptor that contains the photopigment molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of a photoreceptor that lies between the outer segment and the cell nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the location where axons terminate at the synapse for transmission of information by release of a chemical transmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the light-catching part of the visual pigments of the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the visual pigment found in rods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a photon makes its way to the outer segment of a rod where it is absorbed by a molecule of rhodopsin and then transfers its energy to the chromophore portion of the visual pigment molecule; this is an activation by light that initiates a biochemical series of events that results in the closing of channels in the cell membrane that normally allow ions to flow into the rod outer segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in membrane potential where the inner membrane surface becomes more negative than the outer membrane surface; occurs when the cell membrane channels that were closed during photoactivation alters the balance of the electrical current bt the inside and the outside of the rod outer segment, making the inside of the cell more negatively charged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an electrical potential that can vary continuously in amplitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small depression at the center of the macula of the retina; densely packed with cones - contains no rods; portion of the retina that produces the highest visual acuity; serves as pt of fixation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the distance between the retinal image and the fovea |
|
|
Term
| Fovea: photoreceptor type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fovea: Receptive-field size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Periphery: photoreceptor type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Periphery: bipolar cell type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Periphery: receptive-field size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Periphery: light sensitivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized retinal cells that contact both photoreceptor and bipolar cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antagonistic neural interaction bt adjacent regions of the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinal cells found in the inner synaptic layer that make synaptic contacts with bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinal cells that synapse with either rods or cones (not both) and with horizontal cells, and then pass the signals on to ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bipolar retinal cells whose processes are spread out to receive input from multiple cones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. the ability to perceive via sense organs
2. extreme responsiveness to radiation, esp to light of a specific wavelength
3. the ability to respond to transmitted signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the finest detail that can be resolved by the eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small cone bipolar cells in the central retina that receive input from a single cone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bipolar cells that respond to an increase in light captured by the cones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bipolar cells that respond to a decrease in light captured by the cones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinal cells that receive visual information from photoreceptors via two intermediate neuron types (bipolar cells and amacrine cells) and transmit information to the brain and midbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small ganglion cells that receive excitatory input from single midget bipolar cells in the central retina and feed the parvocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ganglion cells resembling little umbrellas that receive excitatory input from diffuse bipolar cells and feed the magnocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the region of the retina in which visual stimuli influence a neuron's firing rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell that depolarizes in response to an increase in light intensity in its receptive field center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell that depolarizes in response to a decrease in light intensity in its receptive field center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an acoustic, electrical, electronic, or optical device, instrument, computer program, or neuron that allows the passage of some frequencies or digital elements and blocks the passage of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference in luminance between an object and the background or between lighter and darker parts of the same object |
|
|
