Term
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Definition
| Discrete, recognizable sound units of any culture's oral language - related to our ability to speak as human beings (what separates us from the animals) |
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Term
| Human speech is Bio-Basic |
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Definition
| Biologically based; sculpted into our skeleton, soft tissues and cartilage, and bodily cavities as well as the central and peripheral nervous systems |
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to the symbolic nature of speech, the symbolic transaction between people and arises out of personal needs, social relationships, and cultural rules for getting along with others |
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Term
| The two types of acts of Public Speaking |
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Definition
Personal Act - self-expression
Social Act - communication, cultural, collective |
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| Speaking is a culturally governed act |
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Definition
| Traditional rules, expected ways, unconscious ways of understanding the world around us |
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Term
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Definition
| a laboratory and hence an idea place for trying new behaviors |
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Term
| Why take public speaking? |
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Definition
| Practice new speech techniques on friends in a variety of settings and in the speech classroom - Work on your critical listening skills as well - learn to criticize expertly the speeches of other |
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Term
| Public Speaking is a primary mechanism for |
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Definition
| projecting yourself into public spaces, for bringing people together and for getting them to share perspectives and values so they can recognize who they are and can act together |
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Term
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Definition
| is the social imperative (direct, in-person, spoken connections) |
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Definition
| stresses an active role that receivers of messages play in social communities |
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Term
| Public Speaking enables us to.. |
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Definition
| be more sophisticated receivers of public talk (critical listeners) |
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Term
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Definition
| Speech training has always been an important part of a liberal arts education since Isocrates made it central to his training of the orator-statesmen of 4BC Greece. Part of our long-held cultural tradition. |
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Term
| Orality in Social-Political Life was written by |
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Definition
| Walter Ong - Influential Harvard Speech Theorist |
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Term
| The seven Characteristics of Speech Orality |
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Definition
| Speech tends to be - integrative, redundant, traditionalist, concrete, antagonistically toned, participatory, and situational |
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Term
| The Six basic elements in the speech making process |
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Definition
| Interactive process - Speaker - Message - Listener - Feedback - Context |
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Definition
| Transaction or exchange among people in public settings |
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Definition
| source of message, brings individual perspecive |
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Term
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Definition
| factual content of speech and attitude or values on the topic |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives and interprets message |
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Definition
| Verbal or nonverbal reaction (happens simultaneously with message) |
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Definition
| Physical setting, social expectations, cultural values |
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Definition
| How you are looking, ethically to your audience: character |
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Term
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Definition
| Morals, people's beliefs about certain subjects (your speech should consider others' moral frames to be successful) |
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Definition
| Credibility or reputation, good sense, good will, and good morals (related to ethos) |
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Term
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Definition
| commitment to a civic life, ethical commitment, to community standards (democracy) |
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Definition
| a higher value (higher moral frame) a higher appeal that will transcend your differences (ex. In a prochoice speech you could emphasize the value of human life as your skyhook to get everyone on your side.) |
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Term
| Ethical responsibilities for speakers |
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Definition
| You must consider how you are looking ethically to your audience - Take into account ethos and moral frames |
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Term
| Ethos in the western world |
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Definition
| Good sense: talking from experience, and knowledge - Good will: to communicate a sense of caring about oneself and the audience members, their needs, status and future, offer views - Good morals: speak in the language of the beliefs and values of listeners to share their visions, fears, hopes and cultural imperatives |
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Term
| Moral basis of public decision making |
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Definition
| Civility: commitment to civic life - To be successful, find some moral frame you share iwth your listeners if you're going to convince them that you have their best interests at heart - to find a shared moral frame you must be true to what you believe |
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Term
| 5 things to prepare for your first speech |
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Definition
| Prepare ahead of time - Breathe slowly and deeply - Think about your ideas - Don't let your imagination run wild - Brace yourself for the natural physical symptoms of adrenaline |
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Term
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Definition
| an ability to understand the listener's point of view |
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Term
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Definition
| (thesis) a statement that captures usually in a single sentence the essence of the information or concept you wish to communicate to an audience |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary reason you will speak in public |
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Term
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Definition
| concrete goals you wish to acieve in a particular speech |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the anxiety you feel in particular settings or situations |
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Term
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Definition
| the level of anxiety as you face any communication situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Begin by selecting from something you know about - Consider audience in regard to topic - Think about audience expectations - Generate list of subtopics after you choose your speech |
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Term
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Definition
| General purpose is to expand their knowledge of an idea, conept or process. Provide explanations, examples, illustrations, and statistics |
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Definition
| To influence listener's beliefs and actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Goal is to amuse and divert listeners so they can relax and enjoy themselves - Combines enjoyment with comprehension - Use humor to relax audience |
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Term
| Self confidence results from... |
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Definition
| experience and from understanding the process of communication |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on something other than the verbal message. The primary reason is to entertain yourself. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most difficult kind because it requires both interpretation and evaluation of the message. Beyond understanding, the message must be interpreted and evaluated for its strengths and weaknesses. You decide to accept or reject ideas and whether to act on the message |
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Term
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Definition
| The key to listening well. It is the process of consciously examining the content and logic of messages to determine their credibility and rationality. Challenge ideas before accepting them. The quality of ideas is assessed to judge their merits and faults. It is an important feature of the communication process. |
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Term
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Definition
| Draw conclusions from the way a message is presented rather than what is said. Understand the meaning behind the message. You're interested in what the speaker really thinks, believes or feels |
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Term
| Empathic and Therapeutic listening |
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Definition
| Intended to provide emotional support for the speaker. It is more common in interpersonal rather than public speaking but does occur in some public situation |
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Term
| External perceptual field |
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Definition
| those things in your physical environment that can distract you |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychological process of receiving sound waves |
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Term
| Internal perceptual field |
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Definition
| The world of your own thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| The thinking process whereby people generate meaning from the sounds they hear |
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Term
| Listening for comprehension |
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Definition
| occurs when you want to gain additional information or insights from the speaker. Listening to understand, to comprehend information, ideas and processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Review, Relate, and Anticipate |
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Term
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Definition
| mentally summarize key ideas for each topic the speaker initiates |
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Term
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Definition
| the message to what you already know, consider how you'd use it in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| what the speaker might say next, use this to focus on the content of the message |
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Term
| Barriers to good listening (5) |
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Definition
| Passive listening - Drifting thoughts (monkey mind) - Physical distractions - Trigger words - Self fulfilling prophecies |
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Term
| Three essential aspects of speech content |
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Definition
| Ideas - Structure - Supporting Materials |
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Term
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Definition
| A Social group's system of meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultures that co-exist in a society as relatively complete ways of life |
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Term
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Definition
| Small groups or cultures within a dominant culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognition that a country possesses several sub-cultures and powerful co-cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| Habitual ways of thinking about positive and negative grounds for human thought and action |
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Term
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Definition
| Conceptual borders that orient you to information in a particular way |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct/Indirect - Elaborate/Succinct - Personal/Contextual - Instrumental/Affective |
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Term
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Definition
| Tend to elicit emotional responses from the audience by telling a story that they'll listen to even if parts of it don't directly involve them |
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Term
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Definition
| Looking at issues as they pertain to ethics, economics, social issues, aesthetics, or working through fundamental differences |
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Definition
| Convictions about what is true and false |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendencies to respond positively or negatively to people, objects or ideas |
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Definition
| Basic concepts organizing one's orientation to life |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of observable characteristics in groups of people |
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Term
| Strategies for dealing with a hostile audience |
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Definition
| Establish good will, start with areas of agreement - show positive credibility - use good principals of judgement |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing the way you address certain people based on what you think they would be knowledgeable about etc |
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Term
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Definition
| The unacknowledged inclusion of someone else's words, ideas, or data as one's own |
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Term
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Definition
| Eyewitness, first-hand accounts |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounts based on other sources of information |
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Term
| Using examples and statistics |
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Definition
| Examples create human interest, while statistics provide "reasonable" proof |
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Term
| Audience Centered Patterns |
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Definition
| patterns of organization are based on the ways that your audience thinks, wants, is persuaded by, or is moved by. |
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Term
| Familiarly/Acceptance Order |
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Definition
| begins with what the audience knows or believes and moves on to new or challenging ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| The connections among parts of your speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Previews precede the development of the body of the speech, usually forming part of the introduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides coherence in your speech by recapping the ideas that you've covered |
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Term
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Definition
| people most often remember what they first hear or see |
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Term
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Definition
| what people most recently have seen or heard they will remember |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to focus on one element in a given perceptual field |
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Term
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Definition
| Activity - Reality - Proximity - Familiarity - Novelty - Suspense - Conflict - Humor - Vital |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Language that is spoken verbally |
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Term
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Definition
| When you put ideas in to words or actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Informal, similar to conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal occasion or weighty topic |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes the pursuit of both exactness and comprehensible information |
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Term
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Definition
| speaking directly and using words that convey precise concrete meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| repetition of words or phrases and ideas so as to clarify and reinforce them |
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Term
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Definition
| designates how a word will be used in a certain context (by 'rich' I mean earns x amount per year) |
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Term
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Definition
| clarifying a term or concept by telling your audience how you are not going to use the concept |
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Term
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Definition
| derivation of a single owrd |
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Definition
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Definition
| tells listeners how a word is used in a specific situation |
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Definition
| means of making technical or abstraction notions easier to understand |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of sets of sensory impressions evoked in the imagination and memory through language |
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Term
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Definition
| Facial signals of emotion that an audience preserves while scanning you feel about yourself and about them |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversational speaker creates a sense of a two way interpersonal relationship even when behind a lectern |
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Term
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Definition
| A word suggesting the transfer of information and understanding from one person to others |
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Term
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Definition
| A language used including vocabulary grammar and punctuation that is unique to a particular group or region |
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Term
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Definition
| the way in which you accent or attack words |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the crispness and precision in which you form words |
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Term
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Definition
| Is one that is prepared in advance and is presented from abbreviated notes |
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Term
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Definition
| Purposeful and expressive movements of the head shoulders arms hand and other areas of the body to give performative shape to ideas and add emotional intensity to human expressiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of space by human beings |
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Term
| 3 Generalizations about nonverbal communication |
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Definition
| 1. Speakers disclose their emotional state through their nonverbal behaviors - 2. The speakers nonverbal questions enrich the message that comes through words - 3. Nonverbal messages form a reciprocal interaction between speaker and listener |
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Term
| 4 things to determine Proxemics |
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Definition
| influences of physical space - formality of the occasion - nature of the material - personal preference |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical movements that are symbols with specific meanings assigned by custom or convention (like midfing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical movements that describe the idea to be communicated such as showing the size, shape, or location of something (the fish was this big) |
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Term
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Definition
| Movements of the hands arms and other parts of the body to express feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| rule like prescriptions for how one is expected in particular times and place to display information and ideas orally in written forms and visual |
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Term
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Definition
| translating central ideas into an analogy so that your listeners will understand |
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Term
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Definition
| Largely the result of two factors, careful organization and the careful selection of words |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping of items of information under three five or seven clusters |
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Term
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Definition
| is but a collection of facts figures observations and real world inferences until human beings shapre interpret and act on it |
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Term
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Definition
| Information that has been given human significance |
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Term
| Types of informative Speeches (4) |
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Definition
| Explanations - Lectures - Demonstrations - Oral Reports |
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Term
| (7) Tips for forming informative speeches |
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Definition
| Create Curiosity - Adapt to what your listeners already know - Use repetitions - Involve your listeners - Choose and appropriate organizational pattern - Use multiple channels - Suggest additional resources |
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Term
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Definition
| A Group of individual appeals that are grounded in the same fundamental human motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| Include the desire to belong to a group or to be well liked or accepted |
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Term
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Definition
| are related to the intrinsic or extrinsic desire for success, adventure, creativity, and personal enjoyment |
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily concern the desire to exert influence over others |
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Term
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Definition
| Companionship and affiliation - Conformity - Deference/dependence - Sympathy/generosity - Loyalty - Tradition - Reverence/worship - Sexual attraction |
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Term
| Companionship and Affiliation |
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Definition
| the fear of loneliness or separation from others is strong (birds of a feather flock together) |
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Term
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Definition
| we fear not only isolation but also being too different from others (AARP - it's for people like you) |
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Term
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Definition
| You can be made to feel dependent on either majority rule or extraordinary individuals (nine out of ten doctors recommend...) |
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Term
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Definition
| ex "you could be the parent this child has never known for just a dollar a day" |
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Term
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Definition
| The call to collective celebration or worship is a strong affiliative appeal especially in times of crisis or stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Acquisition/Saving - Success/Display - Prestige - Pride - Adventure/Change - Perseverance - Creativity - Curiosity - Personal Enjoyment |
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Definition
| appeals to personal accumulation of wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| play off two kinds of success corporate and personal |
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Term
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Definition
| we want to believe that continual effort will be rewarded |
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Term
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Definition
| appeals to creativity are almost always appeal to an inborn talent that seperates you in a good way from everyone else |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggression - Authority/Dominance - Defense - Fear - Autonomy/Independence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| If aggressive actions are viewed as defending ourselves or others they're usually thought to be more ethically justified |
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Term
| Monroe's Motivate Speech Sequence |
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Definition
| 1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action |
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Term
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Definition
| Gain the reader's attention make them want to listen to you |
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Term
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Definition
| Showing the need and describing the problem |
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Term
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Definition
| Statement (the problem), Illustration (examples), Ramification (show extent with examples), Pointing (how effects listener) |
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Term
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Definition
| Satisfying the need: Presenting the solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Statement - explanation - Theoretical Demonstration (how solution meets need) - Reference to Practical Experience (success of solution) - Meeting Objections |
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Term
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Definition
| seeing the results and showing the audience |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive Method (how conditions will improve) - Negative Method (if action not taken) - Method of Contrast (combine positive and negative) |
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Term
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Definition
| explicit action (Specific enough so that listeners will know exactly how to implement the new found resolution) |
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Term
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Definition
| An impulse to satisfy psychological consideration - pain, lack of food or surroundings that are too hot or cold - or they may come about for socio-cultural reasons, such as when you feel left out of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| Either a visualization of a desire and a method for satisfying it or an assertion that an entity, idea, or course of action holds the key to fulfilling a particular motive need |
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Term
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Definition
| A Group of individual appeals that are grounded in the same fundamental human motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| Include the desire to belong to a group or to be well liked or accepted |
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Term
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Definition
| Related to the intrinsic or extrinsic desire for success, adventure, creativity, and personal enjoyment |
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily concern the desire to exert influence over others |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of changing thinking or behavior in others. The persuasive speaker seeks to produce change in listener's thinking or behavior through an oral message |
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Term
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Definition
| is a process of advancing claims supported by good reasons and allowing others to test those claims and reasons or offer counterarguments |
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Term
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Definition
| works largely through emotion |
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Term
| Argumentation acts through... |
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Definition
| reasoning and good reasons |
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Term
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Definition
| How can the truth or accuracy be measured? Do the facts of the situation fit the criteria? |
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Term
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Definition
| By what standards is something to be judged? How well does the item in question measure up to the standards specified? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is there a need for such a policy or course of action? Is the proposal practical? Are the benefits greater than its disadvantages? Is the proposal superior to the alternatives? |
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Term
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Definition
| Rationally relevant evidence (logical evidence)- Motivationally Relevant Evidence (emotional evidence) |
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Term
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Definition
| Examples - Generalization - Sign - Parallel Case - Cause and Effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Effect? - Validity? - Truthful? - Ethical? |
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Term
| Fallacies in Reasoning: Hasty Generalization |
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Definition
| Too little evidence for conclusion |
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Term
| Fallacies in Reasoning: Genetic Fallacy |
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Definition
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Term
| Fallacies in Reasoning: Appeal to Ignorance |
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Definition
| Double Negatives or Incomplete Information |
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Term
| Fallacies in Reasoning: Bandwagon Fallacy |
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Definition
| Appeal to popular opinion |
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Term
| Fallacies in Reasoning: Sequential Fallacy |
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Definition
| First event caused by a second event that follows |
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Term
| Fallacies in Reasoning: Begging the question |
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Definition
| rephrasing an idea (circular reasoning) |
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Term
| Fallacies in Reasoning: Appeal to authority |
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Definition
| popular non expert testimony |
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Term
| Fallacies in Reasoning: Name calling |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when someone who is popular but not an expert urges the acceptance of an idea or a product |
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Term
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Definition
| manipulating what people do not know |
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Term
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Definition
| an argument is built out of three essential elements that must work together - the claim or proposition you advance - the relevant evidence that you provide in support of that claime 0 and the reasoning pattern that you use to connect the evidence with the claim |
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Term
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Definition
| a process of advancing claims supported by good reasons and allowing other to test those claims and reasons or offer counter arguments |
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Term
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Definition
| place strongest arguments first or last |
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Term
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Definition
| Arises from the assumption that if one event follows another, the first event must have caused the second. |
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Term
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Definition
| arouse curiousity - motivate audience to like and respect the speaker - be brief - emphasize the importance of the speaker's subject - stress appropriateness of subject or speaker - use humor if appropriate |
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Term
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Definition
| Situations - (Welcoming visitors, responding to a welcome, accepting awards, offering toasts) - Purpose - (express gratitude or hospitality, create an aura of good feeling) - Content - (who are you speaking for, present complimentary facts about them, illustrate don't argue) |
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Term
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Definition
| Purpose - (to urge general changes and reform of social practices with humor) - Content - (relate a story, state the main idea, follow with additional stories, restate central point) |
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Term
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Definition
| in which a community asks itself to think seriously about where it's been and where it's going in the face of serious challenges |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people who think of themselves as bonded together whether by blood, locale, nationality, race, culture, religion, occupation, gender, or other shared attributes. |
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Term
| Community based special occasion speeches |
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Definition
| are speeches of introduction, courtesy, entertain, and stimulate |
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Definition
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