Term
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Definition
| Act passed by the U.S. Congress which ended restrictions that had blocked most Asian immigration and substituted an annual quota. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of years a person can expect to live without a disability |
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Term
| Activities of Daily Living |
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Definition
| Personal care activities, including bathing, dressing, getting into and out of bed, walking indoors, and using the toilet. |
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Term
| Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) |
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Definition
| A federal program of financial assistance to lowincome families, commonly known as “welfare” until it was replaced by Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) in 1996. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that has the characteristics of both genders |
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Term
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Definition
| A ruling that a marriage was never properly formed |
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Term
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Definition
| Kinship ties that people more or less automatically acquire when they are born or when they marry. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which immigrant groups merge their culture and behavior with that of the dominant group in the host country. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of people to marry others similar to themselves |
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Term
| Authoritarian Style (of parenting) |
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Definition
| A parenting style in which parents combine low levels of emotional support with coercive attempts at control of their children. |
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Term
| Authoritative Style (of parenting) |
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Definition
| A parenting style in which parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent, moderate control of their children. |
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Term
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Definition
| A segregated Mexican-American neighborhood in a U.S. city. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system in which descent is reckoned through both the mother’s and father’s lines. |
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Term
| Biosocial Approach (to gender differences) |
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Definition
| The theory that gender identification and behavior are based in part on people’s innate biological differences. |
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Term
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Definition
| All people born during a given year or period of years |
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Term
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Definition
| A fixed amount of money that the federal government gives each state to spend on a set of programs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which people are uncertain about who is in their family and what roles these people play. |
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Term
| Breadwinner-Homemaker Family |
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Definition
| A married couple with children in which the father works for pay and the mother does not. |
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Term
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Definition
| An economic system in which goods and services are privately produced and sold on a market for profit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Face-to-face activity in which one person meets the needs of another who cannot fully care for her- or himself. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who is 100 years old or older |
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Term
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Definition
| Serious physical harm (trauma, sexual abuse with injury, or willful malnutrition) of a child by an adult, with intent to injure. |
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Term
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Definition
| he sharing of a household by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| A household in which two adults are married or cohabiting and at least one has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Mexico, a godparent relationship in which a wealthy or influential person outside the kinship group is asked to become the compadre, or godparent, of a newborn child, particularly at its baptism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A marriage in which the emphasis is on affection, friendship, and sexual gratification. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sociological theory that focuses on inequality, power, and social change. |
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Term
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Definition
| A kinship group comprising husband, wife, and children. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cohabiting relationship in which a couple consider themselves to be married but have never had a religious or civil marriage ceremony. |
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Term
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Definition
| An arrangement whereby divorced parents coordinate their activities and cooperate with each other in raising their children. |
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Term
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Definition
| A publicly visible process with rules and restrictions through which young men and women find a partner to marry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kinship ties that people have to construct actively. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period during the first year or two after parents separate when both the custodial parent and the children experience difficulties in dealing with the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Violent acts between family members or between women and men in intimate or dating relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in which semen is inserted into the uterus of an ovulating woman |
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Term
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Definition
| Period between mid-teens and about 30 when individuals finish their education, enter the labor force, and begin their own families. |
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Term
| Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) |
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Definition
| A refundable tax credit to low-income families with a child or children in which at least one parent is employed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical abuse of an elderly person by a nonelderly person |
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Term
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Definition
| A program in which the government is obligated to provide benefits to anyone who qualifies, regardless of the total cost of the program. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time of a tolerant approach toward divorce, from the middle of the nineteenth century until, in the United States, 1970; the grounds for divorce were widened, and divorce was made more accessible to women. |
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Term
| Era of Restricted Divorce |
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Definition
| The time of a restrictive approach toward divorce, until about the middle of the nineteenth century; divorces were usually granted only on the grounds of adultery or desertion, and generally only to men. |
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Term
| Era of Unrestricted Divorce |
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Definition
| The time of a virtually unrestricted access to divorce, from, in the United States, 1970 to the present; divorces are usually granted without restriction to any married person who wants one. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sociological theory that views people as rational beings who decide whether to exchange goods or services by considering the benefits they will receive, the costs they will incur, and the benefits they might receive if they were to choose an alternative course of action. |
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Term
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Definition
| A style of life that emphasizes developing one’s feelings and emotional satisfaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A kinship group comprising the conjugal family plus any other relatives present in the household, such as a grandparent or uncle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benefits or costs that accrue to others when an individual or business produces something. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual activity by a married person with someone other than his or her spouse. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family formed through voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political beliefs about how the government should assist families in caring for dependents. |
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Term
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Definition
| A division of labor in which the husband earns enough money to support his family and the wife remains home to do housework and child care. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sociological theory that focuses on the domination of women by men. |
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Term
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Definition
| A policy that allows employees to choose, within limits, when they will begin and end their working hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of children from their parental home and their placement in another home. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for people to obtain public goods by letting others do the work of producing them—metaphorically, the temptation to ride free on the backs of others. |
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Term
| Frustration-aggression Perspective |
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Definition
| The theory that aggressive behavior occurs when a person is blocked from achieving a goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sociological theory that attempts to determine the functions, or uses, of the main ways in which a society is organized. |
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Term
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Definition
| The social and cultural characteristics that distinguish women and men in a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| The provision of assistance to one member of a family with the expectation that someone in the family will reciprocate at a later time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A feeling of concern about, or interest in, guiding and shaping the next generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A social/ biological scientist who specializes in the study of aging. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nine-month development of the fetus inside the mother’s uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sexual encounter with no expectation of further involvement |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothetical model that consists of the most significant characteristics, in extreme form, of a social phenomenon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large, dense, single-ethnicgroup, almost self-sufficient community. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A model of the marriage market in which both spouses work for pay and pool their income. |
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Term
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Definition
| style of life in which individuals pursue their own interests and place great importance on developing a personally rewarding life. |
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Term
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Definition
| A marriage in which the emphasis is on self-development, flexible roles, and open communication. |
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Term
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Definition
| A marriage in which the emphasis is on male authority, duty, and conformity to social norms. |
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Term
| Integrative Perspective (on sexuality) |
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Definition
| The belief that human sexuality is determined by both social and biological factors. |
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Term
| Interactionist Approach (to gender differences) |
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Definition
| he theory that gender identification and behavior are based on the day-to-day behavior that reinforces gender distinctions. |
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Term
| Intergenerational Ambivalence |
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Definition
| Socially structured contradictory emotions in an intergenerational relationship. |
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Term
| Intergenerational Solidarity |
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Definition
| The characteristics of family relationships that knit the generations together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The way in which income is allocated to meet the needs of each member of a household, and whose preferences shape how income is spent. |
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Term
| Intersectionality (of black women's experience) |
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Definition
| he extent to which black women’s lives are affected by overlapping systems of class, race, and genderbased disadvantage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who is born with ambiguous sexual organs |
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Term
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Definition
| A person, such as a stepparent, who plays a role in a family that is somewhere between that of a parent and of a trusted friend |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pattern in which a man seeks to control the behavior of his partner through repeated, serious, violent acts. |
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Term
| Joint Legal Custody (of children after divorce) |
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Definition
| The retaining of both parents of an equal right to make important decisions considering their children. |
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Term
| Joint Physical Custody (of children after divorce) |
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Definition
| An arrangement whereby the children of divorced parents spend substantial time in the household of each parent |
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Term
|
Definition
| A 1948 book by zoology professor Alfred Kinsey detailing the results of thousands of interviews with men about their sexual behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| All people who are either working outside the home or looking for work |
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Term
|
Definition
| The last few decades of the 20th century and the present day. |
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Term
| Legal Custody (of children after divorce) |
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Definition
| The right to make important decisions about the children and the obligation to have legal responsibility for them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The resources and opportunities that people have to provide themselves with material goods and favorable living conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of changes in individuals' lives over time, and how those changes are related to historical events. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A form of kinship group in which descent is traced through either the father's or mother's line. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A relationship in which two people define themselves as a couple but do not live together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Families whose connection to the economy is so teneous that they cannot reliably provide for a decent life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An analogy to the labor market in which single individuals (or their parents) search for others who will marry them (or their children). |
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Term
|
Definition
| A stepfamily in which the partners are married. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Extremely high rates of imprisonment, particularly of African-American males. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A kinship group in which descent is through the mother's line. |
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Term
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Definition
| Midlevel social institutions and groupings, such as the church, the neighborhood, the civic organization, and the family. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The government program of health insurance for people with incomes below the poverty line. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The government program of health insurance for all older people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A person whose ancestors include both Spanish settlers and Native Americans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Families whose connection to the economy provides them with a secure, comfortable income and allows them to live well above a subsistence level. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A marriage system in which people are allowed only one spouse. |
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Term
| Multigenerational Households |
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Definition
| Households in which at least three generations of family members reside. |
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Term
| Multiple-partner Fertility |
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Definition
| Having children with more than one partner during one's lifetime. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A term that combines the governmental and cultural connotations of the two words it comprises. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The costs imposed on other individuals or businesses when an individual or business produces something of value to itself. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The granting of a divorce simply on the basis of marriage breakdown due to “irreconcilable differences.” |
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Term
|
Definition
| The proportion of all births that occur to unmarried women. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to draw conclusions about a social situation that are unaffected by one’s own beliefs. |
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Term
| Observational Study (also known as field research) |
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Definition
| A study in which the researcher spends time directly observing each participant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The group of people aged 65 years and over. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The group of older people 85 years of age and over. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The group of older people 75 to 84 years of age. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An arrangement whereby divorced parents gravitate toward a more detached style, going about their parenting business separately. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Time off from work to care for a child. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A social order based on the domination of women by men, especially in agricultural societies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A kinship group in which descentis through the father's line. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A marriage residence rule in which the wife goes to live in her husband's parent's home. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of people who have roughly the same age and status as one another. |
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Term
| Permissive Style (of parenting) |
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Definition
| A parenting style in which parents provide emotional support but exercise little control over their children. |
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Term
| Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) |
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Definition
| The federal welfare legislation that requires most recipients to work within two years and that limits the amount of time a family can receive welfare. |
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Term
| Physical Custody (of children after a divorce) |
|
Definition
| The right of a divorced spouse to have one’s children live with one. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A form of polygamy in which a woman is allowed to have more than one husband. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A marriage system in which men or women (or both) are allowed to have more than one spouse. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A form of polygamy in which a woman is allowed to have more than one husband. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Benefits received by others when an individual or business produces something, but for which the producer is not fully compensated. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A federally defined income limit defined as the cost of an “economy” diet for a family of four, multiplied by three. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Analysis of survey data by the people who collected the information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two or more individuals who maintain an intimate relationship that they expect will last indefinitely—or in the case of a parent and child, until the child reaches adulthood—and who usually live in the same household and pool their income and household labor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One adult, or two adults who are related by marriage, partnership, or shared parenthood, who is/are taking care of dependents, and the dependents themselves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Things that may be enjoyed by people who do not themselves produce them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An intimate relationship entered into for its own sake and which lasts only as long as both partners are satisfied with it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| he view that sexual life is artificially organized into categories that reflect the power of heterosexual norms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| People who share a common identity and whose members think of themselves as distinct from others by virtue of ancestry, culture, and sometimes physical characteristics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| he process through which individuals take in knowledge, reflect on it, and alter their behavior as a result. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cash payments sent by immigrants to family members in their country of origin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A work setting in which job conditions are designed to allow employees to meet their family responsibilities more easily. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The state of having too many roles with conflicting demands. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Analysis of survey data by people other than those who collected it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The principle that whenever individuals sort, or “select,” themselves into groups nonrandomly, some of the differences among the groups reflect preexisting differences among the individuals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A person's sense of who he or she is and where he or she fits in the social structure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Workers who provide personal services such as education, health care, communication, restaurant meals, legal representation, entertainment, and so forth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A set of sexual practices and attitudes that lead to the formation in a person’s mind of an identity as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The state of having just one sex partner. |
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Term
| Situational Couple Violence |
|
Definition
| The violence that arises from a specific situation in which one or both partners act aggressively in anger. |
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Term
| Skipped-generation Households |
|
Definition
| Households containing grandparents and grandchildren without either parent present. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The resources that a person can access through his or her relationships with other people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An ordering of all persons in a society according to their degrees of economic resources, prestige, and privilege. |
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Term
| Social Constructionist Perspective (on sexuality) |
|
Definition
| The belief that human sexuality is entirely socially constructed. |
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Term
| Social Exchange Perspective |
|
Definition
| The theory that people calculate whether to engage in a particular behavior by considering the rewards and costs of that behavior and the rewards of alternatives to it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A set of roles and rules that define a social unit of importance to society. |
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Term
| Social Learning Perspective |
|
Definition
| The theory that individuals learn behavior they will later exhibit by observing what others do and seeing the consequences of these actions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pattern of behavior associated with a position in society. |
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Term
| Social Security Act of 1935 |
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Definition
| The federal act that created, among other provisions, Social Security, unemployment compensation, and aid to mothers with dependent children (later renamed Aid to Families with Dependent Children). |
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Term
|
Definition
| An economic system in which the number and types of goods produced, and who they are distributed to, are decided by the government rather than by the actions of a market. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The way in which ones learns the ways of a given society or social group so that one can function within it. |
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Term
| Social Approach (to gender differences) |
|
Definition
| The theory that gender identification and behavior are based on children’s learning that they will be rewarded for the set of behaviors considered appropriate to their sex but not for those appropriate to the other sex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A model of the marriage market in which women specialize in housework and child care and men specialize in paid work outside the home. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fact that stressful events in one part of a person's daily life often spill over into other parts of his or her life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A government that claims the right to rule a given territory and its population and to have a monopoly on force in that territory. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of people who share a common style of life and often identity with each other. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A household in which two adults are married or cohabiting and at least one has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship. |
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Term
| Symbolic Interaction Theory |
|
Definition
| A sociological theory that focuses on people's interpretations of symbolic behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Doing work from home using electronic communcation |
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|
Term
| Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) |
|
Definition
| A federal program of financial assistance to lowincome families that began in 1996, following passage of new welfare legislation. |
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Term
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) |
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Definition
| The average number of children a woman will bear over her lifetime if current birthrates remain the same. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Families that maintain continual contact between members in the sending and receiving countries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The group of older people who have incomes that place them between the poor, who can qualify for public assistance over and above Social Security, and the middle class, who can supplement their Social Security checks with savings and pensions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In Native American societies, men or women who dressed like, performed the duties of, and behaved like a member of the opposite sex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| stable, intimate relationship between two people who live in the same household but may or may not be married. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of beginning to live with a partner through cohabitation or marriage. |
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Term
| Utilitarian Individualism |
|
Definition
| A style of life that emphasizes self-reliance and personal achievement, especially in one’s work life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A goal or principle that is held in high esteem by society. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A capitalist government that has enacted numerous measures, such as social security, unemployment compensation, and a minimum wage, to protect workers and their families from the harshness of the capitalist system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| kinship structure in which the strongest bonds of support and caregiving occur among a network of women, most of them relatives, who may live in more than one household. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Families whos eincome can reliably provide only for the minimum needs of what other people see as a decent life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Families that have amassed wealth and privilege and that often have substantial prestige as well. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The group of older people 65-74 years of age. |
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