Term
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Definition
| physiological disturbance that threatens well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| specific set of structural or functional abnormalities, as defined by signs and symptoms |
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Definition
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Definition
| objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient |
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Definition
| abnormalities that can be felt by only the patient |
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Definition
| collection of different signs and symptoms, usually with a common cause that presents a distinct picture of a pathological condition |
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Definition
| condition or syndrome, as defined by a characteristic set of signs and symptoms |
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Definition
| when signs and symptoms appear suddenly, persist for a short time, then disappear |
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Definition
| diseases that develop slowly and last for a long time (perhaps for life) |
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Definition
| diseases with characteristics somewhere between acute and chronic |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of all factors involved in causing a disease |
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Definition
| Diseases with undetermined causes |
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Definition
| diseases that can be transmitted from one individual to another |
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Definition
| the actual mechanism of a disease’s development |
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Definition
| hidden stage of a disease's progression |
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Term
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Definition
| In infectious diseases, this is the latent stage |
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Term
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Definition
| recovery after a disease has run its course |
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Term
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Definition
| in a chronic disease, this is a temporary reversal of signs and symptoms that seems to be a recovery |
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Definition
| when remission is said to be complete and permanent |
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Definition
| disease rates in specific populations |
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Term
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Definition
| the numbers of deaths caused by specific diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| diseases that physicians must report cases of to the U.S. Public Health Service such as gonorrhea, Lyme's disease and Zika virus |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| physicians or medical scientists who study patterns of disease occurrence in specific groups of people |
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Definition
| A disease that is native to a local region |
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Term
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Definition
| If the disease spreads to many individuals at the same time within a defined geographic region, it is called this |
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Term
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Definition
| epidemics that spread throughout the world, ex: different flus each year, AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
| underlying physiological processes associated with disease |
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Term
| genetic mechanisms of disease |
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Definition
| occurs when altered or mutated genes cause production of abnormal proteins |
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Term
| infectious mechanisms of disease |
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Definition
| occurs when pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms or particles damage the body in some way |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that lives in or on another organism to obtain its nutrients |
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Term
| neoplasmic mechanisms of disease |
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Definition
| occurs when abnormal tissue growths or neoplasms develop |
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Term
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Definition
| benign tumors or cancers (malignant) can cause a variety of physiological disturbances |
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Term
| traumatic mechanisms of disease |
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Definition
| involves injury by physical or chemical agents such as toxic or destructive chemicals, extreme heat or cold, mechanical injury (trauma), or radiation that can affect the normal homeostasis of the body |
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Term
| metabolic mechanisms of disease |
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Definition
| include malnutrition or endocrine imbalances that cause insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients |
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Term
| inflammatory mechanisms of disease |
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Definition
| commonly occurring disease mechanisms that can be involved along with other mechanisms to produce disease—or it may be the primary mechanism of a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| set of reactions of the immune system that often includes pain, redness, swelling, and warmth, common response to disease |
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Term
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Definition
| normal mechanism that usually speeds recovery from an infection or injury; can sometimes CAUSE a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| faulty response or overreaction of the immune system that causes it to attack the body |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking down of tissues occurs by means of many still unknown processes; a natural part of the aging process, but can also result from any disease |
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Term
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Definition
| often do not actually cause a disease but may put one “at risk” for developing it; predisposing conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| an inherited trait puts a person at a greater-than-normal risk for developing a specific disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological and behavioral variations inherent during different phases of the human life cycle put us at greater risk for developing certain diseases at certain times in life |
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Term
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Definition
| The way we live and work putting us at a greater or lesser chance of developing a disease |
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Definition
| Physical, psychological, or emotional stress can put one at risk of developing problems such as headaches, chronic high blood pressure (hypertension), depression, heart disease, and cancer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| environmental risk factors |
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Definition
| such as climate and pollution can cause injury or disease, some environmental situations simply put us at greater risk for getting certain diseases |
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Term
| preexisting condition risk factors |
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Definition
| such as an infection, can adversely affect our capacity to defend ourselves against further attack |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa |
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Term
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Definition
| larger organisms that can cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular parasites that consist of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipoprotein envelope |
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Term
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
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Definition
| RNA-containing retrovirus that attacks the immune system of the host, making them susceptible to a plethora of diseases, attacks white blood cells (which fight diseases) of the host |
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Term
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Definition
| uses its RNA to “transcribe backward” to produce the virus’s primary genetic code and insert it into the host’s DNA genome |
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Term
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
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Definition
| the illness that RESULTS FROM HIV |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA viruses characterized by a “crown” of surface projections when viewed under an electron microscope; They use their RNA in host cells to produce their own viral enzymes and structural proteins needed to replicate; can cause anything from the common cold to a respiratory infection |
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Term
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Definition
| SARS-associated coronavirus, which can cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) |
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Term
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Definition
| move from an infected bird or other animal to a mosquito or other biting insect and then finally to the human host, cannot be transmitted from the bird directly to the human |
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Term
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Definition
| Zika Virus, yellow fever, West Nile Virus |
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Term
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Definition
| shortened form of the phrase “PROteinaceous INfectious particle.”; pathogenic protein molecules that can cause misfolding of other proteins in the infected cell; can be inherited; causes abnormalities in proteins and their functioning |
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Term
| examples of prion diseases |
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Definition
| bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow disease”) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny, primitive cell without a nucleus |
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Term
| modes of bacterium transmission |
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Definition
| secrete toxic substances that damage human tissues, they may become parasites inside human cells, or they may form populations in the host body that disrupt normal human function |
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Term
| how to classify bacterium |
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Definition
| aerobic/anaerobic, gram-staining or lack thereof or (most commonly) shape and size |
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Term
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Definition
| large, rod-shaped bacteria cells found singly or in groups |
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Term
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Definition
| large, round bacteria found singly, in pairs (diplococci), in strings (streptococci) or in clusters (staphylococci) |
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Term
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Definition
| curved rods arranged singly or in strands, or large curved or spiral cells arranged singly or in cell colonies |
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Term
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Definition
| round or oval bacteria that are so small that some of them were once thought to be viruses; can only reproduce inside other living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| contain a large, thick membrane containing a polymer of sugars and amino acids; can absorb materials in its membrane quite easily |
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Term
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Definition
| contain a thin, bulletproof membrane; can be antibiotic-resistant and very hard to eradicate; ex: E. coli and gonorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that can develop into resistant dormant forms; resistant to chemicals, heat, and dry conditions; become very difficult to eradicate because once they return to suitable conditions, they can easily reprooduce once again |
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Term
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Definition
| very similar to bacteria; They differ from bacteria in their chemical makeup and metabolism, and ____ can live in much harsher conditions: very acidic, hot or salty; not known to cause disease yet |
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Term
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Definition
| propagation of microorganisms in special media conducive to their growth |
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Term
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Definition
| simple organisms that are similar to plants but without chlorophyll, cannot produce their own food so they must consume or parasite other organisms |
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Term
| examples of fungal infections |
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Definition
| vaginal yeast infections, athlete's foot, San Joaquin fever |
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Term
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Definition
| small, single-celled fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| large, multi-cellular fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| fungal infections, often resist treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| one-celled organisms that are larger than bacteria and whose DNA is organized in a nucleus; infect humans by infecting their bodily fluids and parasitizing them or directly destroying their cells |
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Term
| examples of protozic diseases |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large cells of changing shape; ____ extend their membranes to form pseudopodia (“false feet”) that pull themselves along |
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Term
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Definition
| protozoa that are similar to amebas but move by wiggling long, whiplike extensions called flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| protozoa that move by means of many short, hairlike projections called cilia |
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Term
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Definition
| protozoa with unusual organelles at their tips that allow them to enter host cells; also called coccidia. They often oscillate between two different hosts, having two different stages in their life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| large, multicellular organisms, pathogenic animals, cause disease by parasitizing or causing damage in another way |
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Term
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Definition
| large parasites, also called roundworms, that infest a variety of different human tissues. They are often transmitted by food or by flies that bite |
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Term
| types of pathogenic animals |
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Definition
| nematodes, arthropods and Platyhelminths |
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Term
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Definition
| large parasites, otherwise known as flatworms and flukes, that can infest several different human organs |
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Term
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Definition
| group of parasites that include mites, ticks, lice, and fleas; cause damage to themselves and the host during transmission; can carry another pathogenic animal with it |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that carries a disease to a host |
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Term
| methods of transmission of disease |
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Definition
| person to person contact, environmental, opportunistic, by a vector |
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Term
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Definition
| involves killing or disabling pathogens on surfaces before they can spread to other people |
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Term
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Definition
| isolation (quarantine), sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis |
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Term
| sterilization versus disinfection |
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Definition
| sterilization kills ALL living organisms, disinfection kills all pathogens but not necessarily harmless microbes |
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Term
| environmental transmission of disease |
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Definition
| spread through poor sanitation techniques and affects those who come in contact and/or have a weakened immune system |
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Term
| opportunistic transmission of disease |
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Definition
| some potentially pathogenic organisms exist within people's bodies and produce no symptoms or bad side effects but can arise to be an issue in the "right" conditions, stay clean to avoid this issue |
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Term
| prevention of vector diseases |
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Definition
| kill the parasites that are transmitting the disease; insecticides and mosquito-nets |
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Term
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Definition
| a killed or attenuated (weakened) pathogen or part of a pathogen that is given to a person to stimulate immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds produced by certain living organisms or in a laboratory that kill or inhibit bacterial pathogens |
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Term
| potential causes of antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
| we accelerate this process by prescribing antibiotics for diseases that are not of bacterial etiology or by using the medications inappropriately after they are prescribed |
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Term
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Definition
| some pathogenic bacteria in our microbiome survive antibiotic therapy and then reproduce |
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Term
| purpose of antiviral drugs |
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Definition
| do not stop viral infections entirely; instead, they inhibit viral reproduction and thus slow down the progression of viral infections and can limit the damage of episodes of the viral infections |
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Term
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Definition
| tumors; literally means “new matter” and refers to an abnormal growth of cells; can take the form of distinct lumps of abnormal cells or, in blood tissue, can be diffuse (not concentrated) |
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Term
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Definition
| remain localized within the tissue from which they arose |
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Term
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Definition
| cancerous tumor; tend to spread to other regions of the body |
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Term
| benign versus malignant tumors |
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Definition
| benign grow slowly, are encapsulated, do not spread, look/function similar to normal body cells; malignant grow rapidly, are not encapsulated, can spread to every region of the body and look/act disruptive to surrounding cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells fall off original tumor and migrate by way of lymphatic or blood vessels to infect other parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant epithelial tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| benign, a type of tumor that forms a fingerlike projection, as in a wart |
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Term
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Definition
| benign, a general term for benign tumors of glandular epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| benign, a variety of small, pigmented tumors of the skin, such as moles |
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Term
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Definition
| benign, a tumor arising from adipose (fat) tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| benign, a tumor that involves bone tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| benign, a tumor of cartilage tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant, a type of cancer that involves melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant, the general term for malignant tumor of glandular epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| Malignant tumors that arise from connective tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe a cancer of lymphatic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| a term that refers to a malignant tumor of bone tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of malignant bone marrow tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| a general term used to describe cancers involving fibrous connective tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| benign neoplasm formed by epithelial and connective tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a malignant tumor that arises from nerve tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal cell division, genetic factors, carcinogens, age, environment and viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| condition that produces too many cells |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal, undifferentiated tumor cells are often produced |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal “cancer genes”, more than a dozen cancers have a genetic component to it |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that affect genetic activity in some way, causing abnormal cell reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| cause changes in a cell’s DNA structure |
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Term
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Definition
| the oldest and still the most widely used method of noninvasive imaging of internal body structures; ____ is the use of x-rays to form a still or moving picture of some of the internal tissues of the body |
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Term
| computed tomography (CT) scan |
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Definition
| a type of radiography in which x-rays produce a cross-sectional image of body regions |
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Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| a type of scanning that uses a magnetic field to induce tissues to emit radio waves; different types of tissues emit different waves, so one can tell which tissue is where |
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Term
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Definition
| high-frequency sound waves can be reflected off internal tissues to produce images, or sonograms |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal and examination of living tissue; can reveal whether the tumor is malignant or benign; can just be the scraping of exposed cells and examination of these on a glass slide |
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Term
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Definition
| a common biopsy screening procedure in which cells from the neck of the uterus (cervix) are examined |
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Term
| how do blood tests indicate cancer? |
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Definition
| Changes in the concentration of normal blood components, such as ions or enzymes, sometimes can indicate cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| involves classifying a tumor based on its size and the extent of its spread |
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Term
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Definition
| an assessment of what the tumor is likely to do, based on the degree of cell abnormality; useful base for making a prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
| statement of the probable outcome of the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a syndrome involving loss of appetite, severe weight loss, and general weakness |
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Term
| ultimate causes of death in cancer patients |
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Definition
| include secondary infection by pathogenic microbes, organ failure, hemorrhage (blood loss), and in some cases, undetermined factors |
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Term
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Definition
| “chemical therapy,” using cytotoxic (“cell-killing”) compounds or antineoplastic drugs can be used 134after surgery to destroy any remaining malignant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| those that target only specific molecules, enzymes, or receptors unique to cancer cells or tumor growth, thereby affecting only the cancer and sparing the normal cells; reduce side effects and much more efficient |
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Term
| radiotherapy/radiation therapy |
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Definition
| using destructive x-ray or gamma radiation may be used alone or with chemotherapy to destroy remaining cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an intense beam of light destroys a tumor, is also sometimes performed in addition to chemotherapy or radiation therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| bolsters the body’s own defenses against cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of processes that attempts to minimize injury to tissues, thus maintaining homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| may occur as a response to any tissue injury, including mechanical injuries such as cuts and burns or damage caused by many other irritants such as chemicals, radiation, or toxins released by bacteria. The processes of inflammation eventually eliminate the irritant, after which tissue repair can begin. |
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Term
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Definition
| new cells are similar to those that they replace |
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Term
| replacement (in terms of cell repair) |
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Definition
| new cells are different from those that they replace, resulting in a scar |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous tissue replaces the old tissue |
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Term
| 4 primary signs of inflammation |
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Definition
| redness, heat, swelling and pain |
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Term
| examples of inflammation mediators |
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Definition
| histamine, prostaglandins (PGs), and compounds called kinins |
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Term
| purpose of inflammation mediators |
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Definition
cause blood vessels to dilate (widen), increasing blood volume in the tissue; causes redness and heat and allows white blood cells to site of infection to fight it
other mediators can also increase the permeability of blood vessel walls |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue swelling as a result of water leaking out of the inflamed tissue; pressure of edema causes pain |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that accumulates in inflamed tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of white blood cells in response to chemical attractants |
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Term
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Definition
| white blood cells often consume damaged cells and pathogenic bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammatory exudate becomes thick with the accumulation of white blood cells, dead tissue and bacterial cells, and other debris |
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Term
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Definition
| block the action of histamine, an inflammation mediator |
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Term
| local versus systemic inflammation |
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Definition
| local only affects the area surrounding the original infection, systemic becomes a body-wide issue |
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Term
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Definition
| systemic (body-wide) manifestation of the inflammatory response, often kills or inhibits pathogenic microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal brain activity caused by fever in a child (who usually get more frequent and more severe fevers) |
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Term
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Definition
| an immediate, protective response that promotes elimination of an irritant and subsequent tissue repair |
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Term
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Definition
| whether local or systemic, is always damaging to affected tissues; caused by inflammatory diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| some are caused by known pathogens or by an abnormal immune response (allergy or autoimmunity), the causes of many of them are uncertain |
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Term
| examples of inflammatory diseases |
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Definition
| asthma, arthritis, eczema and chronic bronchitis |
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