Term
| What are organic disorders? |
|
Definition
| those caused by genetics, illness, or injury |
|
|
Term
| What are functional disorders? |
|
Definition
| those without an obvious cause or reason |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of functional disorders? (3) |
|
Definition
-psychoses
-affective disorder
-neuroses(anxiety disorders) |
|
|
Term
| Over BLANK% of american adults have some form of a mental disorder. |
|
Definition
| Over 20% of american adults have some form of a mental disorder. |
|
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Term
| What are some examples of mental disorders? |
|
Definition
-schizophrenia
-unipolar depression
-bipolar depression
-panic disorders
-phobias
-OCD
-personality disorders |
|
|
Term
| What are positive psychotic symptoms? |
|
Definition
| patients experience extra sensations that do not actually exist |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of positive psychotic symptoms? |
|
Definition
-auditory hallucinations
-delusions
-unwanted thoughts
-disorganized behavior
-agitation
-disordered speech and communication |
|
|
Term
| What are negative psychotic symptoms? |
|
Definition
| patient is failing to react to sensations that actually do exist |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of negative symptoms? |
|
Definition
-flat affect
-unemotional
-apathetic, passive
-difficulty with abstract thinking
-lack of spontaneity
-lack of ambition
-lack of pleasure
-social withdrawl |
|
|
Term
| Can a patient only experience positive or negative symptoms? |
|
Definition
| no they can experience some of both |
|
|
Term
| What are conventional antipsychotic agents used to treat? |
|
Definition
| treat positive symptoms, but there are higher risks with them, not used much anymore |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of high potency conventional antipsychotic agents? (2) |
|
Definition
-haloperidol(Haldol)
-loxapine(Loxitane) |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of low potency conventional antipsychotic drugs? (2) |
|
Definition
-chlorpromazine(Thorazine)
-promethazine(Phenergan) |
|
|
Term
| What do atypical antipsychotic drugs do? |
|
Definition
| work on positive and negative symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of atypical antipsychotic agents? (6) |
|
Definition
-ariprazole(Abilify)
-olanzapine(Zyprexa)
-quetiapine(Seroquel)
-risperidone(Risperdal-Consta)
-ziprasidone(Geodon)
-paliperidone(Invega) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of antivity are antipsychotics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do antipsychotics work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do antipsychotics work with other CNS depressants? (opioids) |
|
Definition
| additive or synergestic effects |
|
|
Term
| What else can antipsychotic drugs do? |
|
Definition
| antiemetic effects(anti-vomiting), Phenergan |
|
|
Term
| What are some adverse effects of antipsychotics? |
|
Definition
-sedation
-extrapyramidal effects
-orthostatic hypotension
-cardiovascular effects
-seizures
-anticholinergic effects
-skin reactions
-agranulocytosis |
|
|
Term
| When is sedation seen with antipsychotic effects? |
|
Definition
| during the tolerance period |
|
|
Term
| What are some extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotics? (4) |
|
Definition
-dystonia(muscles can't contract effectively)
-parkinson symptoms
-compulsive motor activities
-dyskinesia(can't perform voluntary actions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in WBC count, increases risk for infection |
|
|
Term
| What are some drug interactions of antipsychotic drugs? (3) |
|
Definition
-CNS depressants
-epinephrine
-anticholinergics |
|
|
Term
| Wht are some dental implications of antipsychotics? (5) |
|
Definition
1.communicate cautiously
2.emphasize oral hygiene
3.check TMJ for pain and extrapyramidal effects
4.be aware of drug interactions
5.slow rising following treatment |
|
|
Term
| What are some neurotransmitters associated with depression? |
|
Definition
-serotinin(5-HT)
-norepinephrine(NE)
-dopamine |
|
|
Term
| What happens to these neurotransmitters in depression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do all antidepressants have the same mechanism of action? |
|
Definition
| no they are all different |
|
|
Term
| How do tricyclic antidepressants(TCAs) work? |
|
Definition
| block NE and 5-HT reuptake(keeps them in synapse longer to continue stimulation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the downside of TCAs? |
|
Definition
| they have a lot of side effects |
|
|
Term
| How do second generation antidepressants work? |
|
Definition
| antagonize 5-HT reuptake inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| How do selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work? |
|
Definition
| SEROTONIN SPECIFIC- block 5-HT reuptake |
|
|
Term
| How do serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors work? |
|
Definition
| block reuptake of 5-HT and NE, more specific, effective, less side effects |
|
|
Term
| How do monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)? |
|
Definition
| last resort, blocks breakdown of NE, 5-HT, and doapmine |
|
|
Term
| How does buproprione work? |
|
Definition
| blocks reuptake of NE and dopamine |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of TCAs? |
|
Definition
-amytriptyline(Elavil)
-imipramine(Tofranil) |
|
|
Term
| What pharmacologic effect do TCAs have on depressed patients? |
|
Definition
| reduced depressive ideas, uplifted mood |
|
|
Term
| What pharmacologic effect do TCAs have on nondepressed patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would a nondepressed patient take TCAs? |
|
Definition
| taken offlabel for things like neuropathic pain |
|
|
Term
| What do TCAs have a lower therapeutic index than? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are TCAs used after and before? |
|
Definition
| after newer drugs but before MAOIs |
|
|
Term
| What are some adverse reactions of TCAs? |
|
Definition
-CNS
-ANS
-cardiac toxicity
-dependence
-withdrawl symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What are some drug interactions of TCAs? |
|
Definition
-synergestic with amphetamines and other CNS stimulants
-MAOIs
-barbiturates
-cigarette smoking
-antihypertensives |
|
|
Term
| What are some dental implications of TCAs? |
|
Definition
| xerostomia, exercise caution when useing vasoconstrictors |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a second generation antidepressant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there a lot of adverse reactions seen with second generation antidepressaants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second generation antidepresants have BLANK sedative effects than TCAs. |
|
Definition
| Second generation antidepresants have stronger sedative effects than TCAs. |
|
|
Term
| What can second generation antidepressants lead to? |
|
Definition
| priapism(erection that won't go away) and impotence in men |
|
|
Term
| What are second generation antidepressants often given in comintation with? WHy? |
|
Definition
| SSRI because this will increase serotonin without effecting other neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of SSRIs? (3) |
|
Definition
-fluoxetine(Prozac)
-sertraline(Zoloft)
-escitalopram(Lexapro) |
|
|
Term
| SSRIs have fewer adverse reactions than BLANK or BLANK. |
|
Definition
| SSRIs have fewer adverse reactions than TCAs or second generation antidepressants. |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of SNRIs? (3) |
|
Definition
-venlafaxine(Effexor)
-desvenlafaxine(Pristiq)
-duloxetine(Cymbalta) |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of SNRIs like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are SNRIs more or less effective than SSRIs? |
|
Definition
| more on most patients because this effects NE |
|
|
Term
| What is more likely to happen with SNRIs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the last resort antidepressant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of MAOIs? |
|
Definition
-phenelzine(Nardil)
-isocarboxazid(Marplan) |
|
|
Term
| Why are MAOIs a last resort med? |
|
Definition
| many drug interations to can lead to hypertensive crisis |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of drug interations to can lead to hypertensive crisis with MAOIs? |
|
Definition
-foods(cheese, wine)
-CNS stimulants
-other antidepressants
-dextromethorphan(anti-tussive, in mant OTC meds)
-biggest problem is with antihypertensive meds |
|
|
Term
| What are some brands of buproprion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is buproprion often used in combo with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a reduced side effect of buproprion compared to other antidepressants? |
|
Definition
| reduced sexual dysfunction (related to serotonin) |
|
|
Term
| What is buproprion also effective for? |
|
Definition
-treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
-anti-smoking |
|
|
Term
| What is preffered, buproprion + SSRI OR MAOI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some drug treatments for bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
-lithium
-atypical antipsychotics
-anticonvulsants |
|
|
Term
| How does lithium help treat bipolar? |
|
Definition
-may help regulate glutamate levels
-no psychotrophic effects at normal doses |
|
|
Term
| What is an examples of an atypical antipsychotic used to treat bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an anticonvulsant used to treat bipolar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ADD now known as? |
|
Definition
| ADHD-PI (primarily unattentive) |
|
|
Term
| What are some stimulants used to treat ADD/ASHD? |
|
Definition
-methylphenidate(Ritalin, Concerta)
derivatives- Adderall, Focalin |
|
|
Term
| How do stimulants help treat ADD/ADHD? |
|
Definition
| may help regulate dopamine levels int he brain |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a nonstimulant used to treat ADD/ADHD? How does it work? |
|
Definition
| atomoxetine(Strattera), NE reuptake inhibitor |
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