Term
| What is the goal of existential therapy? |
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Definition
| Reveal the truth about yourself by facilitating your experiencing the truth |
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Term
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Definition
| the focus of philosophical thought should be to deal with the conditions of existence of the individual person and his or her emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts. |
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Term
| According to existential philosophy where are we in our existence? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. The central structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being directed toward something, as it is an experience of or about some object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Noumena are objects or events known only to the mind - independent of the senses. |
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Term
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Definition
| an observable event or physical manifestation capable of being observed by one or more of the five human senses |
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Term
| According to existential philosophy what composes being? |
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Definition
| Subjectivity determines being |
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Term
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Definition
| humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas. |
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Term
| What is Kant's categorical imperative? |
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Definition
| Act according to those maxims that you could will to be universal law |
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Term
| What are Kant's hypothetical goods? |
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Definition
| Any statement that requires an "if" to make the statement good (Sunshine is good "if" its not raining) |
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Term
| According to Kant what is transcendence? |
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Definition
| Transcendence is this process of uniting our conscious with the objective space in which it exists and transcend its conceptual limits. |
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Term
| According to Kant what is freedom? |
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Definition
| freedom is an independence of the will of motivations, character, and external causes |
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Term
| According to Franz Brentano what is the object of psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Franz Brentano theory of intentionality? |
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Definition
| Source --> Aim --> Object |
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Term
| What is Husserl talking about when he says that meanings are constituted? |
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Definition
| Husserl called the intentional activity of consciousness "object-constituting subjectivity" by which all meanings are "constituted," that is, disclosed and made manifest. |
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Term
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Definition
| thought or what is thought about |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding, as the ability to sense, or know something, immediately |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the theoretical moment where all judgments about the existence of the external world, and consequently all action in the world, are suspended. |
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Term
| According to Husserl what is the systematic procedure of phenomenological reduction |
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Definition
| one is thought to be able to suspend judgment regarding the general or naive philosophical belief in the existence of the external world, and thus examine phenomena as they are originally given to consciousness. |
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Term
| What is Husserl's approach to Existentialism? |
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Definition
| He advocated a methodology of detachment, standing back and away from human experience in order to better understand it — quite the opposite from the existentialist insistence that one engage as much as possible with human experience in order to understand what meaning can be created |
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Term
| According to Husserl what are intentional acts? |
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Definition
| Intentional acts are relational and interpretive |
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Term
| According to Husserl what is the true mystery? |
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Definition
| The manner of consciousness (rather than the unconscious) is the “true mystery” |
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Term
| According to Husserl what is the foundational science? |
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Definition
| phenomenology is “first philosophy” and is “foundational” for all knowledge |
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Term
| What is ethical existentialism? |
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Definition
| Existentialist ethics is characterized by the emphasis on moral individualism. Rather than seeking a “highest good” that would be universal, existentialists have sought means for each individual to find the highest good for them, regardless of whether it might ever apply to anyone else at any other time. |
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Term
| How does freedom work according to Kierkegaard? |
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Definition
| Although we are strongly inclined to seek human freedom, contemplation of such a transcendence of all mental and bodily determinations tends only to produce grave anxiety in the individual person |
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Term
| According to Kierkegaard what is authenticity? |
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Definition
| Focusing on one thing rather than many |
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Term
| According to Kierkegaard what is an authentic existence? |
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Definition
| one must become more and more an individual and less and less a member of the "herd," or common humanity |
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Term
| According to Kierkegaard what is dread? |
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Definition
| dread is fundamentally what allows innocence--examplified in Adam before he ate of the tree of knowledge--to be "brought to its last extremity," or, in other words, to fall into the state of sin, whose essence, Kierkegaard later says, is guilt. innocence -->dread-->guilt |
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Term
| According to Kierkegaard what is despair? |
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Definition
| When the self is out of balance, i.e., has the wrong understanding of who it is because it conceives itself too much in terms of its own limiting circumstances (and thus fails to recognize its own freedom to determine what it will be) or too much in terms of what it would like to be, (thus ignoring its own circumstances), the person is in a state of despair |
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Term
| According to Kierkegaard what is the finite? |
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Definition
| limitations such as those imposed by one's body or one's concrete circumstances |
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Term
| According to Kierkegaard what is the infinite? |
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Definition
| those capacities that free us from limitations such as imagination |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethical existentialism argues that responsibility for one’s values, decisions, and course of life is an inescapable fact. (But we often hide from that fact anyway!) |
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Term
| According to Heidegger what is being? |
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Definition
| Being is neither a thing nor a genus it follows that it cannot be defined according to logic |
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Term
| What is the nature of being? |
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Definition
| Whenever one thinks about anything, or makes an assertion, or even asks a question; some use is made of Being. |
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Term
| According to Heidegger what are the three levels of knowledge of being and non-being? |
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Definition
| presence, the unpresent dimensional background of presence, and as the differentiation of presence from its background |
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Term
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Definition
| Being (existence not subject) |
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Term
| According to Heidegger what determines nature? |
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Definition
| Nature is not preordained |
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Term
| According to Heidegger what is the essence of being? |
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Definition
| Fulfilling our possibilities |
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Term
| According to Heidegger what is the role of the subject-object dichotomy? |
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Definition
| the dichotomy is only part of Dasein (it is a derivative) not the whole so it cant be the basis of being |
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Term
| What is thrownness according to Heidegger? |
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Definition
| We are thrown into the world and that our being-in-the-world is a thrownness |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| “environment” or “surrounding world”, represents the everyday world of human activity: its cares, concerns and ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| man’s being in the world with others |
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Term
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Definition
| our relationship with our self or our own-world. |
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Term
| Who can experience being? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of ones awareness of ones existence |
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Term
| What does Heidegger say is our unique aspect of consciousness? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Heidegger what is the nature of being? |
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Definition
| being is constructed based on relations, in this case our relations towards others, and observing how we relate to others |
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Term
| What is the first level of being and non-being |
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Definition
| being aware that you exist |
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Term
| what is the second level of being and non being? |
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Definition
| understanding that i may not exist |
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Term
| what is the third level of being and non-being? |
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Definition
| The awareness that i will not exist in the future |
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Term
| What happens when we reach the third level of being and non-being? |
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Definition
| we start asking ourselves "what am i now?" |
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Term
| According to Heidegger when do we cease to exist? |
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Definition
| When we arent truly engaged in our existence (numbing with tv or mindless talk) |
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Term
| What is Heideggers truth of existence? |
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Definition
| No preordained nature, we are always changing our existence in relation to ourselves and to others |
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Term
| What does Heidegger say is the point of being alive, what does it mean to be authentic? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we fulfill our possibilities? |
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Definition
| constantly assess where we are and where we are going, staying still means we dont exist |
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Term
| What is Heideggers concept of individuality? |
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Definition
| at a basic existential level we are individuals we come into the world and leave alone |
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Term
| Why do humans have absolute freedom? |
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Definition
| We have freedom to move outside of our existence and choose to engage or negate it |
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Term
| What is Heidegger's authentic existence? |
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Definition
| How we look at ourselves and others is a choice. Our moods and thoughts are choices. How others make us feel is a choice. |
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Term
| According to Heidegger what is anxiety? |
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Definition
| the realization that our cares and concerns can be different then what they currently are |
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Term
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Definition
| A falling state where our anxiety is overcoming |
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Term
| In verfallenstein what happens to the self? |
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Definition
| We give up on living authentically and do what the masses want us to do (they self) |
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Term
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Definition
| meaningless talk about nothing at all, at a basic level we stay away from communication. When we engage in prattle we are attempting to numb ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves real, authentic communication from the heart. When we engage in discourse we communicate our genuine thoughts and perceptions of the world and about the person we are talking to |
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Term
| Why do we all have the ability to live authentically? |
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Definition
| We all have the ability to reflect, move outside of ourselves and make authentic decisions on how we want to be engaged |
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Term
| What is the correlation between authenticity and age? |
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Definition
| people become more authentic as they age. With age we gain a deeper awareness of our impending non-existence (death) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is existential guilt? |
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Definition
| The awareness that we have failed to live up to our potential |
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Term
| What is the constricted Dosein? |
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Definition
| Failure to illuminate certain parts of our existence/experience. There is no inherent meaning in our existence but we endow the world with meaning through our experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| An active process through which we shed the light of our thought onto the world to endow it with meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| A passive process, things/meanings simply reveal themselves to us. |
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Term
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Definition
| One reason people might go to therapy. Failure to move pass a certain developmental level. When we experience it we are essentially stuck at the current developmental level. |
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Term
| How does mood/pitch effect the way we view the world? |
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Definition
| It is the emotional tone we use to view things. Some people are optimists/pecisimists etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of possibilities we see in front of us |
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Term
| What are A Priori Ontological Structures? |
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Definition
| A set way of viewing things in the world (is the world just/fair, are people just/fair etc.) |
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Term
| Why do people come to therapy in the first place according to an exestential/phenomenological perspective? |
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Definition
| We typically respond to our own freedom by denying it. This becomes existential anxiety, which is the starting place for therapy. One of the guiding principles then is to cultivate the anxiety in therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Job of the therapist is to suspend their own assumptions so they can truly understand the world as it appears to the patient |
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Term
| What are the goals of Existential therapy? |
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Definition
| Cultivate anxiety, illuminate possibilities and expand horizon, therapist must show the patient they have stuck Dasien |
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Term
| According to Rogers what is the phenomenal field? |
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Definition
| all experiences available at a given moment, both conscious and unconscious |
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Term
| According to Rogers what is therapy? |
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Definition
| a process of freeing a person and removing obstacles so that normal growth and development can proceed and the client can become independent and self-directed |
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Term
| According to Rogers when does neurosis emerge? |
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Definition
| When the self-structure and ones organismic experience both seek actualization but the paths that they take conflict |
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Term
| According to Rogers what are some characteristic experiences of neurosis? |
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Definition
| Anxiety, tension, lack of clarity, lack of ownership over behavior, lack of energy |
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Term
| According to Rogers what is mental health? |
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Definition
| The "fully functioning person" |
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Term
| According to Rogers when does psychological adjustment exist? |
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Definition
| when the concept of self is such that all the sensory ad visiral experiences of the organism are assimilated on a symbolic level into a consistent relationship with the self |
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Term
| What are Roger's two hallmarks of the fully functioning person? |
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Definition
First- Congruence- in the fully functioning person, the organism valuing process is fully operative.
Second- psychologically well people have fuller relationships with others |
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Term
| What is the starting place for Rogerian therapy? |
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Definition
| Clarifying the phenomenal field. The goal of the therapy is to help them symbolize all of their experience |
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Term
| What does Roger assume about actualization? |
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Definition
| People naturally move toward actualization |
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Term
| What is the role of threat in Rogerian therapy? |
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Definition
| No threat can be present, only reflection, no judgement |
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Term
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Definition
| love, it is how rogerian therapy is defined |
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Term
| What is unconditional positive regard? |
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Definition
| Nonjudgemental, nonposesive care for the client. Therapist accepts and prizes all aspects of the clients experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of the therapist to identify with the clients point of view, and bring it into their own internal frame of reference. Most important part of Rogerian therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the behavior of the therapist in Rogerian therapy. When genuine the therapist is real and true to himself. Does not put up a facade, therapist is truly engaged in the therapeutic encounter. |
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Term
| What is reflective listening? |
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Definition
| Therapist helps client get a true sense of their emotional experiences. |
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Term
| What are the two aspects of reflective listening? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| to reflect back to the client what the therapist just heard. Rogerian therapist reflects back content and affect |
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Term
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Definition
| Through amplification the therapist amplifies the emotions expressed by the client. Rogerian. |
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Term
| What are the two parts of rogerian therapy? |
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Definition
| reflective listening and trust in the client |
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Term
| What is the distinction between reflection and interpretation? |
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Definition
| The rogerian therapist aspires to reflect what the client brings to therapy. Through reflection the therapist intends to stick to the meaning. Through interpretation the therapist interprets emotions which rogerians say is bad because it brings them out of their experience. |
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Term
| What are the complications of the rogerian approach? |
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Definition
| Client may not have the mechanisms to move ahead in therapy. Cant disagree with client. |
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Term
| What are the outcomes of rogerian therapy? |
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Definition
| client is aware of their environment, both positive and negative aspects. Client develops set of goals and values. Clients report more positive affect, vitality, happiness, satisfaction. |
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Term
| How do Rogerians work with children? Why cant they do it the normal way? |
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Definition
| They are non-verbal so they do it through play |
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Term
| Why do internalizing children suffer? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do rogerians deal with internalizing children? |
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Definition
| Attempt to bring their repressions to the front, by creating a free, liberating environment that permits the repressions to come forth |
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Term
| Why do externalizing children suffer? Who are they? |
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Definition
| They are the ones who cause problems in the world. They externalize all of their issues and cant control their impulses. |
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Term
| How do rogerians deal with externalizing children? |
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Definition
| Need to separate feelings from behaviors. Bring forth the feelings and then try to separate them from the behavior. |
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Term
| How do Rogerians set limits on children's behavior? |
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Definition
| Want children to express their unpleasant feelings but no the following behaviors. Set genuine rather than arbitrary limits. (Not dont destroy this toy because im in charge. Give meaningful rationale on why that limit is in place). Attempt to provide as much choice as possible. |
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Term
| What is the largest impediment to actualization according to Rogers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is conventional learning? |
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Definition
| Typical education. We learn a whole bunch of facts and then we get tested on them. Teacher decides on what material is valid/invalid |
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Term
| What is student-centered learning? |
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Definition
| Students want to learn. No quiz, no punishment. Learning is self-initiated and continued outside of the classroom. Material has personal relevance to children. |
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Term
| What is an external locus of evaluation? |
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Definition
| teachers decide what the students need to learn and then they evaluate them with a test |
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Term
| What is an internal locus of evaluation? |
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Definition
| Teachers discover students needs and are empathetic towards those needs. Still may be tests but there is choice around those tests. And by providing choice, the students can follow their own interests. |
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Term
| What are the components of a student-centered learning environment? |
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Definition
| Teachers must be genuine and they must express themselves. Teachers must be accessible. Teachers must empathize and trust that students want to learn. |
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Term
| According to Rogers what is at the heart of bad relationships? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of incongruence? |
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Definition
| Interpersonal and intrapersonal |
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Term
| What is intrapersonal incongruence? |
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Definition
| Lack of clarity between awareness and experience? |
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Term
| What is interpersonal incongruence? |
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Definition
| lack of congruence between awareness and communication |
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Term
| according to the law of interpersonal relationships what is at the heart of all interpersonal incongruence?? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Allowing others to see themselves truthfully |
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Term
| What was the progression of Rogers' as a psychologist? |
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Definition
| Non-directive --> client-centered --> person-centered |
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Term
| According to Rogers what is all behavior? |
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Definition
| Telic- with purpose or reason |
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Term
| According to Rogers what determines our behavior? |
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Definition
| Our subjective, internal experiences |
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Term
| According to Rogers what is the inherent motive of Humans? |
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Definition
| To act in a unifying way, the purpose of which is to maintain and enhance the organism. this is a spontaneous process |
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Term
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Definition
| The self is included in the organism but each part of our experience is not necessarily the self |
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Term
| According to Rogers what impact to others values have on the self? |
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Definition
| We adopt the values of others but they arent part of the self, they are part of the organism |
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Term
| What are the two forms of positive regard? |
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Definition
| unconditional and conditional |
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Term
| What is unconditional positive regard? |
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Definition
| means that you will always be loved regardless of behaviors, ideas and feelings |
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Term
| What is conditional positive regard? |
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Definition
| love is only given when values ad beliefs are in line with someone elses |
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Term
| What are Rogers' three varieties of experiences? |
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Definition
| Symbolized, ignored, distorted |
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Term
| What is the symbolized variety of experience? |
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Definition
| Non-threatening and non-conflicting, ideas arent in conflict with others loving us |
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Term
| What is the ignored variety of experience? |
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Definition
| Ignoring parts of our experience to make us more likable |
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Term
| What is the distorted variety of experience? |
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Definition
| distort our feelings, ideas to fit what others want to think of us, through distortion we actively change our experience |
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Term
| According to Buddhism what is the nature of our existence? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three forms of suffering? |
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Definition
| old age, sickness and ultimately death |
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Term
| How can we end suffering? |
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Definition
| Although suffering exists we can end our suffering by (the solution does not involve rearranging material or monetary aspects of our existence): changing some personal aspect of ourselves |
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Term
| What is Buddhism's take on god? |
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Definition
| Buddhisms says that there is no absolute being (anatman). As it began to rise as a theory there was some recognition that there may be gods. However, even if gods do exist, they can do nothing to solve human suffering |
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Term
| According to Buddhism what is the only way to understand being? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| philosophical explanation of impermenance |
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Term
|
Definition
| release from samsara (ending our existence) |
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Term
| According to Buddhism how do most people live their lives? |
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Definition
| From the budhist perspective most of us live our lives asleep, we live our lives with a strong belief of permanence and we attach ourselves to our existence because we think that its permanent |
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Term
| How do we live a life free of delusion according to Buddhism? |
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Definition
| To live a life free of delusion we must come in contact with our nature, meditate on it and understand our existence |
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Term
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Definition
| the way in which we use language to give a false sense of permanence to some object. With language we project onto objects a certain sense of permanence. When we call someone a name we give them artificial permanence. |
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Term
| What is the importance of meditation? |
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Definition
| The importance of meditation is that it allows us to limit discursive thinking, and all thoughts that naturally arise in our minds. Through meditation we go beyong language to understand our impermanence |
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Term
| How do we attain nirvana? |
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Definition
| Nirvana cannot be put into language, to attain nirvana one simply needs to put into practice their beliefs. In nirvana all self-identity is removed. |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the fundamental nature of the self? |
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Definition
| The fundamental nature of the self is painful. The problem is that when we believe things are permanent we attach ourselves to those ideas. |
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Term
| How are some ways people deal with pain in buddhism? |
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Definition
| Cope through material possessions (mid-life crisis). Seek therapy/counseling. None of these things work because we see in others their mortality and we see in ourselves our own mortality and death takes from us our sense of permanence. And through death we are thrown back into samsara. |
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Term
| How can we lift the veil of our delusions/attain enlightenment? |
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Definition
| It is only through mindfulness that we can lift the veil of our delusions and enter nirvana/enlightenment |
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Term
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Definition
| what we cultivate in the process of meditation. It involves being in touch with and aware of the present moment. When we are mindful we understand all internal and external experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| our original natural mind. Each of us has the seeds of nirvana inherently in us, it is an innate part of our makeup. Peace/joy/nirvana are here for us as long as we remember to attain them. Through developing mindfulness we can enjoy joy at all times. |
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Term
| What are the four noble truths? |
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Definition
Suffering (dukkha) characterizes life and is universal
Desire and ignorance (attachment) cause suffering
Three consuming fires—greed, hatred, delusion
Elimination of desire is the elimination of suffering
Elimination of desire entails the Eightfold Path |
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Term
| What is the eightfold path? |
|
Definition
Wisdom (prajna)
Right understanding, Right view
Behavior (sila)
Right speech, Right action, Right livelihood
Meditation (samadhi)
Right mindfulness, Right effort, Right concentration |
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