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| A procedure in drug research in which neither the individual administering a chemical substance nor the individual receiving it knows whether the substance is the drug being evaluated or an active placebo. |
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| Latin term translated “I will please”. Any inert substance that produces a psychological or physiological reaction. |
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| A region in the limbic system of the brain considered to be responsible for the rewarding effects of several drugs of abuse. |
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| A system whereby some substances in the bloodstream are excluded from entering the nervous system. |
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| A neurotransmitter in the brain whose activity is related to emotionality and sleep patterns. |
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| Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) |
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| An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Antianxiety drugs tend to facilitate the activity level of GABA in the brain. |
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| An excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It’s receptors are associated with action of PCP and ketamine and with feelings of drug craving. |
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| A class of chemical substances, produced in the brain and elsewhere in the body, that mimic the effects of morphine and other opiate drugs. |
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| A neurotransmitter active in the sympathetic autonomic nervous system and in many regions of the brain. |
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| A neurotransmitter in the brain whose activity is related to emotionality and motor control. |
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| The process by which a neurotransmitter returns from the receptor site to the synaptic knob. |
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| A neurotransmitter active in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, cerebral cortex, and peripheral somatic nerves. |
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| A chemical substance that a neuron uses to communicate information at the synapse. |
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| The juncture between neurons, it consists of a synaptic knob, the intervening gap, and receptor sites on a receiving neuron. |
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| The portion of the forebrain devoted to a high level of information processing. |
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| The specialized cell in the nervous system designed to receive and transmit information. |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| The portion of the nervous system that consists of the spinal cord and the brain. |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| The portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves and nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system and outward to muscles and glands. |
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| Sympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
| The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls bodily changes that deal with stressful or emergency situations. |
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| Parasympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
| THe portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls the bodily changes that lead to increased nurturance, rest, and maintenance. |
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| A phenomenon in which one drug can be used to reduce the withdrawal symptoms following the discontinuation of another drug. |
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| A phenomenon i which the tolerance that results from the chronic use of one drug induces a tolerance effect with regard to a second drug that has not been used before. |
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| The property of a synergistic drug interaction in which one drug combined with another drug produces an enhanced effect when one of the drugs alone would have had no effect. |
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| The property of a drug interaction in which the combination effect of two drugs exceeds the effect of either drug administered alone. |
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| An interval of time during which the blood levels of a drug are not yet sufficient for a drug effect to be observed. |
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| The length of time it takes for a drug to be reduced to 50 percept of its equilibrium level in the bloodstream. |
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| A by-product resulting from the biotransformation process. |
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| The process of changing the molecular structure of a drug into forms that make it easier for the body to excrete it. |
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| A device attached to the skin that slowly delivers the drug through skin absorption. |
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| Applied under the tongue. |
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| Applied to the mucous membranes of the nose. |
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| Subcutaneous (s.c. or sub-Q) |
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| Oral, Injection, Inhalation & Absorption |
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| Four basic ways to administer drugs into the body. |
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| The method of administration that gets drugs into the bloodstream the fastest. |
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| The method of administration that gets drugs into the Brain’s receptors the fastest. |
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| A … drug gets into the system faster and stays in the system longer. |
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| Most drugs are eliminated from the body through ... |
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| Drugs are broken down for elimination by the action of … in the liver. |
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| Weight, Gender and Ethnic Background |
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Definition
| Some characteristics that can play a definite role in the effect of a drug include the individual’s ... |
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| Part of our nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord where our receptors are. |
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| Part of the nervous system that includes the spinal and cranial nerves and work on the arms, legs, head, neck, etc. |
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| Connect CNS to voluntary muscles |
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| Connects CNS to involuntary muscles, glands. |
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Brings you to equilibrium.
STOP |
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| Hindbrain, Midbrain and Forebrain. |
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| 3 Major Division within the Brain |
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| Controls movement and balance. |
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| Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland |
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Definition
| Involved in the release of hormones. |
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| … is the most recently evolved region of the brain (and largest); it controls the most complex behaviors and processes the most complex information. |
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| In general, drugs work at the … by altering neurotransmitter release, receptor binding, or reuptake at the synapse. |
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| A sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons. |
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| A naked portion of a myelinated axon. |
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| Terminal Button (or Bouton) |
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Definition
| The bud at the end of a branch of an axon; forms synapses with another neuron, sends information to that neuron. |
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| A chemical that is released by a Terminal Button; has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron. |
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| How drugs move in the body. |
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| How drugs find their binding site. |
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| Get rid of waste products from intracellular fluid. |
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| Filled with Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each Neuron contains … of Neurotransmitter. |
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Definition
In every nerve muscle function.
Involved in Alzheimer's & Dementia.
Involved in Paralysis from spider bites, botox, botulinium, etc.
Receptors: Muscarinic & Nicotinic (in hippocampus) |
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Definition
An increase can lead to psychosis.
A decrease can lead to Parkinson’s.
It regulates body temperature, and release of hormones.
Involved in the reward pathway.
Receptors: D1, D2, D3, D4, & D5 (in hypothalamus and pituitary) |
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Definition
Comes from a breakdown of Dopamine.
An increase can lead to ADHD and ADD.
A decrease can lead to Depression and effect emotional states. |
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An increase can lead to hallucinations.
A decrease is linked to depression. |
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| Neurotransmitters that are Yin and Yang Opposites. |
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The excitatory NT.
Involved in Panic Attacks. |
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The inhibitory NT.
Modulates wilder chemicals.
A decrease can lead to seizures. |
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