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| process of receiving, convertingandtransmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain |
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| process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information |
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| a mixing of sensory experiences (e.g.seeing colors when a sound is heard) |
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| converting a stimulus to a receptor into neural impulses |
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| filtering and analyzing incoming sensations before sending a neural message to the cortex |
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| process that converts a particular sensory input into a specific sensation |
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| study of the relation between attributes of the physical world and our psychological experiences of them |
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| smallest amount of a stimulus needed to detect that the stimulus is present |
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| minimal difference needed to notice a stimulus change also called the "just noticeable difference" (JND) |
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| repeated or constant stimulation decreases the number of sensory messages sent to the brain which causes decreased sensation |
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| gate-control theory of pain |
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theory that pain sensations are processed and altered by mechanisms
withing the spinal cord
-first introduced by ronald melzack and patrick wall (1965) |
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| dsitance between the crests of peaks of light or sound waves the shorter the wavelength the higher the frequency |
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| how often a light of sound wave cycles (i.e. the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time) |
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| height of a light or sounds wave- pertaining to light it refers to brightness, for sound it refers to loudness |
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| automatic adjustment of the eye which occurs when muscles change the shape of the lens so that it focuses light on the retina from objects at distances |
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| visual acuity problem resulting from cornea lens focusing an image in front of the retina |
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| farsightedness (hyperopia) |
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| visual acuity problem resulting from the cornea and lens focusing an image behind the retina |
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| light-sensitive inner surface of the back of the eye which contains the receptor cells for vision (rods and cones) |
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| receptor cells in the retina that detect shades of gray and are responsible for peripheral vision and are most sensitive in dim light |
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| receptor cells concentrated near the center of the retina responsible for color vision and fine detail most sensitive in brightly lit conditions |
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| a tiny pit in the center of the retina filled with cones and responsible for sharp vision |
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| three chambered snail-shaped structure in the inner ear containing the receptors for hearing |
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| three chambered snail-shaped structure in the inner ear containing the receptors for hearing |
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| explains how we hear higher pitched sounds, different high-pitched sounds bend the basilar membrane hair cells at different locations in the cochlea |
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| explains how we hear higher pitched sounds, different high-pitched sounds bend the basilar membrane hair cells at different locations in the cochlea |
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| explains how we hear higher pitched sounds, different high-pitched sounds bend the basilar membrane hair cells at different locations in the cochlea |
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| middle-ear deafness resulting from problems with transferring sound waves to the inner ear |
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| inner-ear deafness resulting from damage to the cochlea hair cells or auditory nerve |
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sense of smell
-we can detect over 10,000 distinct smells |
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| airborne chemicals that affect behavior, including recognition of family members, aggression, territorial marketing and sexual mating |
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sense of taste
-five major taste sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitterm and unami (delicious-recently added in 2003, taste receptor thats sensitive to glutamate-found in protein) |
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the sense of body orientation and position with respect to gravity and 3d space (sense of balance)
-located in inner ear
-composed of vestibular sacs and semicircular canals |
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| sensory systme for body posture and orientation |
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| filtering out and attending only to important sensory messages |
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| specialized neurons that respond only to certain sensory information |
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| tendency of the brain to ignore environmental factors that remain constant |
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-gestalists emphasized the importance of organization and patterning in enabling us to perceive the whole stimulus
-law of organization: the tendency to distinguist between figure and ground
-reversible figure: when the discrepancy between figure/ground is vague |
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| objects that are physically close together are grouped together |
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| objects that continue a pattern are grouped together |
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| the tendency to see a finished unit from an incomplete stimulus |
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| similar objects are grouped together |
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| tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input |
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| the ability to percieve 3d space and to accurately judge distance |
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| visual input from two eyes that allows perception of depth and distance |
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| visual input from a single eye alone that contributes to perception of depth or distance |
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| binocular cues to distance where the separation of the eyes causes different images to fall on each retina |
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| binocular depth cue in which the cloer the object the more the eyes converge or turn inward |
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| thomas young's theory that color perception results from mizing three distinct color systems: red, green, and blue |
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-hering's theory that color perception is based on three systems of color opposites: blue-yellow, red-green, black-white
-both theories are correct, color is processed in a trichromatic fashion at the level of the retina and in an opponent fashion at the level of the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
-hering's theory that color perception is based on three systems of color opposites: blue-yellow, red-green, black-white
-both theories are correct, color is processed in a trichromatic fashion at the level of the retina and in an opponent fashion at the level of the optic nerve |
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readiness to perceive in a particular manner based on expectations
-we see what we expect to see |
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information processing that begins "at the bottom" with raw sensory data that feed "up" to the brain
-taking data in through the sensory receptors and sending it up to the brain |
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| information processing that starts at the top with the observers thoughs, expectations, and knowledge and works down |
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| an organism's awareness of its own self and surroundings |
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| alternate states of consciousness |
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| mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, and so on |
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| mental activities requiring focused attention that generally interfere with other ongoing activities |
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| mental activities requiring minimal attention and having little impact on other activities |
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| controlled processes- focused attention required |
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| middle levels of awareness |
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automatic process- minimal attention required
daydreaming- low level of awareness and conscious effort somewhere between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep |
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unconscious mind: freudian concept, unacceptable thoughts, feelings and memories too painful or anxiety provoking to be admitted
unconsciousness: biologically based lowest level of awareness due to head injuries, disease, anesthesia during surgery or coma |
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Definition
unconscious mind: freudian concept, unacceptable thoughts, feelings and memories too painful or anxiety provoking to be admitted
unconsciousness: biologically based lowest level of awareness due to head injuries, disease, anesthesia during surgery or coma |
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| middle levels of awareness |
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Definition
automatic process- minimal attention required
daydreaming- low level of awareness and conscious effort somewhere between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep |
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Term
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Definition
unconscious mind: freudian concept, unacceptable thoughts, feelings and memories too painful or anxiety provoking to be admitted
unconsciousness: biologically based lowest level of awareness due to head injuries, disease, anesthesia during surgery or coma |
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| middle levels of awareness |
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Definition
automatic process- minimal attention required
daydreaming- low level of awareness and conscious effort somewhere between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep |
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| drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user or others |
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| broad term describing a compulsion to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity |
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| desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by a drug |
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| bodily processes have been so modified by a repeated use of a drug that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal |
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-alcohol, barbiturates, antianxiety drugs, roofies, ketamine, coHB
-tension reduction, euphoria, disinhibition, drowsiness, muscle relaxation
-slow down CNS |
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-activate CNS
-cocaine, aphetamine, meth, E:
exhiliration, euphoria, high physical and mental energy |
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morphine, heroin, codein
-pain relief, rush of euphoria, prevention of withdrawals |
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| psychoactive drugs and neurotransmitters |
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Definition
1. neurotransmitter is produced
2. nt is sotired in vesicle when impulse arrives its released
3. nt binds to postsynaptic receptors and activates them
4. excess nt is deactivated by reuptake of the excess breakdown |
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Definition
| stages 1-4, required for basic biological functioning |
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| rem sleep (parodoxical sleep) |
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| important for memory, learning, and basic biological functioning, rapid eye movement signals dreaming |
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| -24 hour cycles, affect our sleep and waking cycle |
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| temporary stopping of breathing during sleep |
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| panic, hallucinations and abrupt awakenings that happen during nrem sleep |
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| relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes resulting from practice or experience |
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| process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses |
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| learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes paired with an unconditional stimulus to elicit a conditioned response |
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| stimulus that elicits an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning |
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| a stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest |
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| previously NS that through repeated pairings with an UCS now causes a CR |
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| learned reaction to a CS that occurs because of previous repeated pairings with an UCS |
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